Albert was born at Ansbach and, having lost his father Casimir in 1527, he came under the guardianship of his uncle George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a strong adherent of Protestantism.

His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria.

He was the fourth son of Casimir IV Jagiellon.

Alexander was born as son of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary, daughter of the King Albert of Hungary.

Aldona married Casimir III of Poland, when he was 15 or 16 years old.

The importance of the marriage was attested by the fact that Casimir abandoned his earlier plans to marry Jutta of Bohemia.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

It was later revised and enlarged by Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin.

The Battle of Berestechko (; ) was fought between the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, aided by their Crimean Tatar allies, and a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army under King John II Casimir.

Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.

In order to enlist the support of the nobility, especially the military help of pospolite ruszenie, Casimir was forced to give up important privileges to their caste, which made them finally clearly dominant over townsfolk ( burghers or mieszczaństwo ).

He was slated to become the heir, but did not succeed to the throne, dying childless in 1377, 7 years after King Casimir.

He was the only male descendant of King Casimir who lived during his lifetime.

King Casimir was favorably disposed toward Jews.

Casimir's full title was: Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland, lord and heir of the land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania ( Pomerelia ) and Ruthenia.

It was not until 1997, however, that a direct experiment, by S. Lamoreaux, described above, quantitatively measured the force ( to within 15 % of the value predicted by the theory ), although previous work van Blockland and Overbeek ( 1978 ) had observed the force qualitatively, and indirect validation of the predicted Casimir energy had been made by measuring the thickness of liquid Helium films by Sabisky and Anderson in 1972.

On 14 February 1479 at Frankfurt ( Oder ) he was married to Sophia of Poland ( 6 April 1464-5 October 1512 ), daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland by his wife Elisabeth of Habsburg, and sister of King Sigismund I of Poland.

Poznań and Gniezno were early centres of royal power, but following devastation of the region by pagan rebellion in the 1030s, and the invasion of Bretislaus I of Bohemia in 1038, the capital was moved by Casimir the Restorer from Gniezno to Kraków.

He was born in Ansbach, the third of eight sons of Margrave Frederick the Elder and his wife Sophia of Poland, daughter of Casimir IV of Poland and Elisabeth of Habsburg.

In the hereditary lands Brandenburg-Ansbach in Franconia, where with his older brother Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach he had assumed the regency in place of their father, he encountered greater difficulties, although the popular spirit was inclined toward the Reformation.

George was married at Dresden, on 21 November 1496, to Barbara Jagiellon, daughter of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Elisabeth, daughter of Albrecht II of Hungary.

This was followed by a collapse of the monarchy and restoration under Casimir I. Casimir's son Bolesław II the Bold became fatally involved in a conflict with the ecclesiastical authority, and was expelled from the country.

By April the crown was already seeking to negotiate, and the escape of Alençon from court in September prompted the possibility of an overwhelming coalition of forces against the crown, as John Casimir of the Palatinate invaded Champagne.

Like Sweden, John II Casimir was also looking for allies to break the deadlock of the war.

Although much of the Commonwealth, including Warsaw, Krakow, and the western portions of the Grand Duchy, were taken by the Swedes, King John II Casimir and his allies were able to regain power after a few years starting with the Jasna Góra resistance and the Tyszowce Confederation.

In 1471, while King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary led a campaign in Bohemia, the Hungarian nobility conspired against him and called the thirteen years old Casimir to the Kingdom, so he could take over and be crowned.

Deserted by Casimir IV and surrounded on every side by the Moscow armies, which occupied the major monasteries around the city, Novgorod ultimately recognized Ivan's direct rule over the city and its vast hinterland in a document signed and sealed by Archbishop Feofil of Novgorod ( 1470 – 1480 ) on 15 January 1478.

In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.

In 1660 John II Casimir was forced to renounce his claim to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over Livonia and the city of Riga.

The clamour of the Paris mob for the death of the imprisoned ministers of Charles X, culminating in October riots, induced the more moderate members of the government – including Guizot, the duc de Broglie and Casimir Pierre Perier – to hand over the administration to a ministry which had the confidence of the revolutionary Parisians.

In 1466 King Casimir IV of Poland granted the town as a fief to the rulers of Gdańsk, which ended the century-long struggle for economical domination over the Gdańsk Bay.

When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach ruled in personal union over Saxe-Coburg until his death in 1638.

After the Thirteen Years ' War in the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn, the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon gained control over the Chełmno Land as part of Royal Prussia.

In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia ().

However, Bolesław suffered an unexpected defeat by Mieszko and his own son Jarosław, who distracted him to advance over Kraków ; in his place was his younger uncle and ally, Casimir II the Just, who captured the city and was proclaimed the new High Duke of Poland.

The death of Casimir II the Just and the minority of his sons had given them the opportunity to attack and regain control over Lesser Poland.

Unlike his predecessors, Casimir I the Restorer promoted landed gentry over the druzhina as his base of power.

" The Pope's reply to Stephen denied him help, but awarded him with the " Athleta Christi ", while King Casimir pleaded " poverty both in money and men " and did nothing ; his own men then accused him of sloth, and advised him to change his shameful behaviour or hand over his rule to someone else.

Despite now he had his own district, Bolesław didn't pursue a foreign policy, who continue under the hands of his brother, a fact revealed during the dispute with Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia for the possession of Ladzka, who was given to him by Henry II the Pious as a dowry of his daughter Constance-Casimir I's second wife -; this decision wasn't recognized by Władysław Odonic's sons, but eventually they reconciled and even signed and an alliance with the Kuyavian Duke, which effectively ended with any attempt to change the ownership of the disputed land.

* Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania ( 1351 – 1377 )

His second daughter, Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania, bore a son in 1351, Casimir IV of Pomerania.

Emperor Sigismund himself was an heir of Casimir III, as eldest son of his mother Elisabeth of Pomerania, who was since 1377 the only surviving child of Elisabeth of Poland, herself daughter of Casimir III from his first marriage with Aldona Gediminaite of Lithuania.

Born in Nuremberg, Sigismund was the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and of his fourth wife Elizabeth of Pomerania, the granddaughter of King Casimir III of Poland.

* August 24 – Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania ( b. 1348 )

In 1046 Emperor Henry III held royal and imperial courts at Merseburg and Meissen, at which he ended the strife among the Dux Bomeraniorum ( Duke of Pomerania ), Duke Bretislaus of Bohemia, and Casimir I.

His son, Casimir III the Great, inherited Lesser Poland, the Duchy of Sandomierz, Greater Poland, Kuyavia, and the Duchies of Łęczyca and Sieradz, while Silesia and Lubusz Land to the west, along with Gdańsk Pomerania, Western Pomerania, and Mazovia to the north remained beyond the Kingdom's borders.

Casimir I's son, Duke Ziemomysł of Inowrocław, followed a policy of close contacts with the Teutonic Order and Duke Sambor II of Pomerania ( who became in his father-in-law ).

: For the duke of Pomerania-Stettin also occasionally counted as Casimir IV, see Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania

Casimir IV (, ) ( 1351 – January 2, 1377 ) was a duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp since 1374.

Casimir was the son of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and Elizabeth of Poland.

* Pomerania-Demmin from 1156 on under Duke Casimir I, fell to Duke Barnim I of Pomerania after the death of Duke Wartislaw III in 1264

* Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania ( 1348 – 1372 ), oldest son of Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin

* Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania ( after 1130 – 1180 ), duke of Pomerania-Demmin

* Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania ( after 1130 – 1180 ), duke of Pomerania-Demmin

Casimir of Pomerania may refer to: