Bishop Martinho, under suspicion of conspiring with the enemy, was defenestrated by the citizens when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians in 1383.

In the conflicts that the newly sovereign Kingdom of Castile and Pamplona / Navarre had in the 11th and 12th century, the Castilians were supported by many landowners from La Rioja, who sought to consolidate their holdings under Castilian feudal law.

Advancing uphill with the sun on their backs, squashed between the funnelling Portuguese defensive works and their own advancing rear, and under a heavy rain of English longbowmen's arrows shot from behind the Portuguese line and crossbow quarrels from behind both the Sweethearts ' and the Honeysuckle wings on their flanks, the Castilians did their best to win the day.

He was nominated as bishop of Lisbon soon after the assassination of his predecessor, Bishop Dom Martinho, who was defenestrated by the citizens when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians in 1383, under suspicion of conspiring with the enemy.

Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.

Estêvão Soares, archbishop of Braga, placed himself at the head of the nobles and churchmen who threatened to usurp the royal power during Sancho II's minority, and negotiated an alliance with Alfonso IX, by which it was arranged that the Portuguese should attack Elvas, the Castilians Badajoz.

Clavijo, a nobleman of Madrid and chamberlain to the king, set sail from Cadiz on May 21, 1403 in the company of Timur's ambassador, Muhammed al-Kazi, a Dominican friar, Alfonso Páez de Santa María, one of the king's guards, Gómez de Salazar, and other unnamed Castilians.

** Almoravid ( Muhammad ibn al-Hajj ) defeat Castilians ( Alfonso VI ) at Consuegra.

The individual nationalities or peoples of these lands are the Asturians, Leonese, Galicians, Basques, Cantabrians, Castilians, Aragonese, Catalans, and Andalusians, individuals from which groups may or may not consider them " nations " apart depending on political outlook.

After the First Crusade in 1095-1099, Pope Paschal II urged Iberian crusaders ( Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese, and others ) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem.

The reasons for this situation appear to have been rooted both in the structure of the economy and in the attitude of the Castilians and Aragonese.

Historically, the county and its dialect was influenced by its political alliances, conquerors and rulers — ranging from the Romans to the Goths, Navarrese, the Franks, Moors, Castilians and Catalans.

Inspired by the ideas of Herder, Savigny and the entire Scottish School of Common Sense, they asked why the Catalans were different from other Spaniards — especially the Castilians ( Conversi 1997: 15 ) For example, Cortada wanted to determine why, despite its poor natural environment, Catalonia was so much more successful than other parts of Spain.

To them, " the traditional Catalan seny was a manifestation of the Volksgeist ", one which made Catalans essentially different from Castilians ( Llobera 2004: 75 ).

Within Spain, there are various regional populations including the Castilians, the Catalans, Valencians and Balearics ( who speak Catalan, a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain ), the Basques ( who live in the Basque country and speak Basque, a non-Indo-European language ), and the Galicians ( who speak Galician, a descendant of old Galician-Portuguese ).

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba.

Peter was openly in love with Inês, recognized all the children she bore, and, worst of all, favoured the Castilians that surrounded her.

Peter, the heir, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke of Peñafiel ( near Valladolid ), and Afonso IV brought a strong Portuguese army to aid the Castilians against the Moors of Granada and their African allies.

The Navarrese based their claims on the proven will of the locals and history, the Castilians on their merits as crusaders.

Consequently, they cannot have had their own laws, governing themselves by those of the Romans, Goths, Asturians, Leonese, Castilians, Navarrese in their respective epochs.

Toledo pays the Navarrese to raid into Zaragoza ; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León – Castilians to raid into Toledo.

Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia.

The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son ( by Zaïda, a Muslim princess ) and heir.

He specified that it applied only to the Castilians, Mozarabs, and Franks of the city.

With all his troops needed at the front, there were no men available to guard the knight prisoners ; John of Portugal ordered them to be killed on the spot and proceeded to deal with the approaching Castilians.

During the worst times of the war of the Spanish Succession she was the real head of the Bourbon party, and was well aided by Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy, the spirited young queen of Philip V. She did not hesitate to quarrel even with such powerful personages as the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Portocarrero, when they proved hostile, but she was so far from offending the pride of the nation, that when in 1709 Louis the XIV, severely pressed by the allies, threatened, or pretended, to desert the cause of his grandson, she dismissed all Frenchmen from the court and threw the king on the support of the Castilians.

They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and, and had clear central direction from ... < nowiki ></ nowiki > John .” In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400-1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p. 39, 40 .</ ref > and Ferdinand and Isabella, in the Treaty of Alcáçovas ( 1479 ) gave up all rights to Atlantic and African lands and seas, with the exception of the Canary Islands, which remained Castilian.

Abu Hasan's position was now a difficult one, not only because the troops besieging Tarifa depended on supplies from Morocco, but also the Kingdom of Granada needed them, their forces having launched a series of limited attacks all along the frontier to hold the Castilians at bay.

Aquitanian troops fought side by side with Castilians in an effort to take Cordoba.

A few kilometers to the north of Alcobaça is another wondrous building constructed in memory of a different important battle, that of Aljubarrota in 1385, when Dom João I defeated the Castilians and ensuring two hundred years of independence from the Castilian invaders.

The Castilians took the Upper Rock from where the town was bombarded.

Indeed, El Cid's first battle experience was gained fighting for a Muslim state against a Christian state, at the Battle of Graus in 1063, where he and other Castilians fought on the side of al-Muqtadir, Muslim sultan of Zaragoza, against the forces of Ramiro I of Aragon.

* June 22 – Battle of La Rochelle: The French and the Castilians defeat the English.

The king ( 1211 – 1223 ), was no warrior, but in 1212 a Portuguese contingent aided the Castilians to defeat the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa, and in 1217 the ministers, bishops and captains of the realm, reinforced by foreign crusaders, retook Alcácer do Sal.

But on August 14, the much-outnumbered Portuguese, aided by 500 English archers, utterly defeated the Castilians and their French allies at Aljubarrota.

Against such a combination the Castilians were powerless ; Denis, eldest son of Inês de Castro, claimed the Portuguese throne and invaded Portugal in 1398, but his troops were easily crushed.

Castilians are defined as a community with a shared culture and history.

Over time, most Castilians have mixed with other Spaniards due to their past political dominance, and present-day cultural dominance.

Castilians and their cultural influence spread throughout the entire plateau of central Spain during the Reconquista, carried out principally by the Kingdom of Toledo which was renamed New Castile.

At present, Castilians are known as the inhabitants of those regions of Spain where there is no regional identity which conflicts with that of Castilians.

Castilian identity is ambiguous: since Castilian nationalism was the first to have been suppressed by the Spanish Crown during the revolt and war of the Castilian War of the Communities against the Spanish Monarchy, between 1520 and 1521, a strong sense of identity cannot be found in Castilians and there are differences about what can be considered Castile.

While John of Gaunt had gambled on an early decisive battle, the Castilians were in no hurry to join battle, and he began to experience difficulties keeping his army together and paying it.

The Castilians refused to offer battle and the Anglo-Portuguese troops, apart from time-wasting sieges of fortified towns, were reduced to foraging for food in the arid Spanish landscape.

During the process that led to the autonomy of this region, the old rivalry between Toledo and Madrid resurfaced ; as capital of Spain, Madrid was to enjoy a degree of self-government, and Castilians demanded absolute equality amongst the constituent provinces of the community, and thus excluded Madrid from their project of self-government.

* In 1383, Bishop Dom Martinho was defenestrated by the citizens of Lisbon, having been suspected of conspiring with the enemy when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians.

Soon resistance against the Emperor rose because of the heavy taxation ( the money was used to fight wars abroad, most of which Castilians had no interest in ) and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Spain and America, ignoring Castilian candidates.

Meanwhile he urgently appealed for the English to send him reinforcements from Gascony to help him fight the Castilians.

The French and Castilians decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for the first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340.

Castilians usually use the term el español, thus legitimately presenting it as the national language.