Cathodoluminescence is used in cathode ray tubes, photoluminescence in fluorescent lighting and plasma display panels, phosphorescence in safety signs and low energy lighting, fluorescence in pigments, inks, optical brighteners, safety clothing, and biological and medicinal analysis and diagnostics, chemoluminescence and bioluminescence in analysis, diagnostics and sensors, and electroluminescence in the burgeoning areas of light-emitting diodes ( LEDs / OLEDs ), displays and panel lighting.

** Cathodoluminescence, a result of being struck by an electron

Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electrical phenomenon whereby a beam of electrons is generated by an electron gun and then impacts on a luminescent material such as a phosphor, causing the material to emit visible light.

Cathodoluminescence, the emission of light when atoms excited by high-energy electrons return to their ground state, is analogous to UV-induced fluorescence, and some materials such as zinc sulfide and some fluorescent dyes, exhibit both phenomena.

Cathodoluminescence is most commonly experienced in everyday life as the light emission from the inner surface of the cathode ray tube in television sets and computer CRT monitors.

Cathodoluminescence and EBIC are referred to as " beam-injection " techniques, and are very powerful probes of the optoelectronic behavior of semiconductors, in particular for studying nanoscale features and defects.

Cathodoluminescence has been exploited as a probe to map the local density of states of planar dielectric photonic crystals and nanostructured photonic materials.

* B. G. Yacobi and D. B. Holt, Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, New York, Plenum ( 1990 )

* C. M. Parish and P. E. Russell, Scanning Cathodoluminescence Microscopy, in Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, V. 147, ed.

One growth center in a short bone -- distal phalanx of the second finger -- was chosen as an example for discussion here, primarily because epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion, the maturity indicator for Completion in long and short bones, occurs in this center for girls near the menarche and for boys near their comparable pubescent stage.

This case is also used for nouns in several other senses, e. g., where the action occurs " because of " or " without " a certain noun ; nouns indicating distance or direction.

Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition ( simply because of their higher rainfall ).

Fractional bandwidth is used for wideband antennas because of the compression of the percent bandwidth that occurs mathematically with percent bandwidths above 100 %, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 3: 1.

In men, the mammary glands are also present in the body, but normally remain undeveloped because of the hormone testosterone, however, when male lactation occurs, it is considered a pathological symptom of a disorder of the pituitary gland.

The voice is produced by castration of the singer before puberty, or it occurs in one who, because of an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity.

This occurs because some surface orientations are more stable than others ( lower surface energy ).

In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group.

With a rigid mechanical linkage, smooth engagement would be near-impossible because engine movement inevitably occurs as the drive is " taken up.

This occurs because internal combustion engines are heat engines, and higher efficiency is created because higher compression ratios permit the same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature.

It usually occurs unnoticed because it is symptom-free or exhibits only mild symptoms that are not unique to Chagas disease.

The authors said that this occurs because they were built to local regulations that required specific features, but freed the architect to adapt them to particular situations.

Diamagnetism is believed to be due to quantum mechanics ( and is understood in terms of Landau levels ) and occurs because the external field alters the orbital velocity of electrons around their nuclei, thus changing the magnetic dipole moment.

Overlap occurs between these usages because deities or godlike entities are often identical with and / or identified by the powers and forces that are credited to them — in many cases a deity is merely a power or force personified — and these powers and forces may then be extended or granted to mortal individuals.

A bubble occurs when speculators note the fast increase in value and decide to buy in anticipation of further rises, rather than because the shares are undervalued.

In different Indo-European languages, each of these words has a difficult etymology because of taboo deformations — a euphemism was substituted for the original, which no longer occurs in the language.

Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water.

An early recorded mention of the term " El Niño " to refer to climate occurs in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrillo told the Geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm northerly current " El Niño " because it was most noticeable around Christmas.

This occurs because excited molecules usually decay to the lowest vibrational level of the excited state before fluorescence emission takes place.

This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants.

Movement along faults can result in folding, either because the faults are not planar, or because the rock layers are dragged along, forming drag folds, as slip occurs are along the fault.

This happens due to inert pair effect, which occurs because of stabilization of 5s-orbital due to relativistic effects, which are stronger closer to the bottom of the periodic table.

This occurs because the " valence " band containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band from the next band above it.

For ductile materials the maximum wear rate is found when the impingement angle is approximately 30 °, whilst for non ductile materials the maximum wear rate occurs when the impingement angle is normal to the surface.

* Chronic develops over a period of time, usual occurs at or near the tendon ( as a result of the tendon rubbing against the overlying bone ), and is usually associated with an impingement syndrome.

Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution.

Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.

* Attention Deficit Disorder – a high degree of co-morbidity has been reported between ADD / ADHD and dyslexia / reading disorders, it occurs in between 12 % and 24 % of those with dyslexia.

The denaturation of nucleic acids such as DNA due to high temperatures is the separation of a double strand into two single strands, which occurs when the hydrogen bonds between the strands are broken.

It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries.

Almost all the annual rainfall and the highest humidity occurs during this time, and yearly rain totals, particularly on southern-facing mountain slopes, can be as high as.

Exfoliation occurs mainly in deserts due to the high temperatures during the day and cold temperatures at night.

Field evaporation is a field induced process which involves the removal of atoms from the surface itself at very high field strengths and typically occurs in the range 2-5 V / Å.

This behavior occurs at low or high intensity.

Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people when they ascend to high altitude, where it causes altitude sickness leading to potentially fatal complications: high altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE ) and high altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ).

In economics, hyperinflation occurs when a country experiences very high and usually accelerating inflation.

* Proximity effect: Another similar effect that also increases the resistance of the wire at high frequencies is proximity effect, which occurs in parallel wires that lie close to each other.

Electrical breakdown occurs when the electric field in the material is strong enough to accelerate free charge carriers ( electrons and ions, which are always present at low concentrations ) to a high enough velocity to knock electrons from atoms when they strike them, ionizing the atoms.

This propagation occurs most frequently during the summer months when high signal levels may be reached.

Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic.

Classical unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers.

Although reuptake of Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > by the ER ( concomitant with its release ) modulates the intensity of the puffs, thus insulating mitochondria to a certain degree from high Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > exposure, the MAM often serves as a firewall that essentially buffers Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > puffs by acting as a sink into which free ions released into the cytosol can be funneled .< ref name = Kopach > This Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > tunneling occurs through the low-affinity Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > receptor VDAC1, which recently has been shown to be physically tethered to the IP3R clusters on the ER membrane and enriched at the MAM.

The Lindemann criterion states that melting occurs because of vibrational instability, e. g. crystals melt when the average amplitude of thermal vibrations of atoms is relatively high compared with interatomic distances, e. g. < δu < sup > 2 </ sup >> 1 / 2 > δ < sub > L </ sub > R < sub > s </ sub >, where δu is the atomic displacement, the Lindemann parameter δ < sub > L </ sub > ≈ 0. 20 ... 0. 25 and R < sub > s </ sub > is a half of the inter-atomic distance.

Also, thick insulators are required to prevent electron leakage, and if high conductivity of the in vivo medium occurs there is a risk of sudden power loss and “ shorting out .” Finally, thick wires are also needed to conduct substantial power levels without overheating.

This most commonly occurs in a high-low split game where one player knows that he has a guaranteed low hand made, his opponent cannot make a better low no matter what the last card is, but the player who is low might possibly catch a lucky card that gives him a straight or flush, winning high as well.

Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico are a result of high concentrations of Karenia brevis, a microscopic marine algae that occurs naturally but normally in lower concentrations.