Tunicate larvae have both a notochord and a nerve cord which are lost in adulthood.

However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon and the Latimeria.

They have a diverticulum of the foregut called a stomochord, previously thought to be related with the chordate notochord, but this is most likely the result of convergent evolution rather than homology.

Increases in expression of such genes as Pax-2, as well as inhibition of Pax-6, from the notochord have been implicated in normal differentiation of cephalic midline structures.

Like other chordates, tunicates have a notochord during their early development, but by the time they have completed their larval stages they have lost all myomeric segmentation throughout the body.

Several species ( see list below ) have reverted to the primitive state, retaining the notochord into adulthood, though the reasons for this are not well-understood.

With notochord and paired muscle blocks, the lancelet and Pikaia belong to the chordate group of animals from which the vertebrates have descended.

The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes.

I didn't even have the nerve to call her on the telephone.

Some studies showed that veterans who served in the South during the war have increased rates of cancer, and nerve, digestive, skin and respiratory disorders.

Except for a few primitive types such as sponges ( which have no nervous system ) and jellyfish ( which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ), all living animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape ( that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other ).

Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a " tail brain ".

Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods ( insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others ), and cephalopods ( octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs ).< ref name = Butler > The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal.

They are sensitive to the touch as they have many nerve endings ; and it is common to press or massage them with hands or orally before or during sexual activity.

When brain tissue from a CJD patient is examined under a microscope, many tiny holes can be seen where whole areas of nerve cells have died.

The glans ( head ) of the human clitoris is roughly the size and shape of a pea, and is estimated to have more sensory nerve endings than any other part of the human body.

However, some have suggested that CSF flow along the cranial nerves and spinal nerve roots allow it into the lymphatic channels ; this flow may play a substantial role in CSF reabsorbtion, in particular in the neonate, in which arachnoid granulations are sparsely distributed.

An injury to this nerve and its branches are likely to have resulted in the difficulties with his left facial movement.

Thus, these nerve cells have a length of nearly in the largest giraffes.

The cause of IC / BPS is unknown, though several theories have been put forward ( these include autoimmune theory, nerve theory, mast cell theory, leaky lining theory, infection theory and a theory of production of a toxic substance in the urine.

Research has shown that there is proliferation of nerve fibers in the bladders of IC patients that is not present in the bladders of people who have not been diagnosed with IC.

This optic nerve regeneration depends upon two conditions: axonal die-back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated.

The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain.

Nerves are bundled along with blood vessels, since the neurons of a nerve have fairly high energy requirements.

In the graphic novel Watchmen, the character The Comedian / Edward Blake displays and is characterized as being a nihilist, both moral and political, to the extent of openly committing murder in order to demonstrate the lack of human concern or nerve ( stating that Dr. Manhattan could have stopped him at any moment, but chose not to ).

The structures of the complexes of soman ( one of the most toxic nerve agents ) with acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica have been solved by X-ray crystallography ( PDB codes: 2wfz, 2wg0, 2wg1, and 1som ).

This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack, have been proposed as a possible cause of Gulf War syndrome.

All nociceptors are free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglia and are named according to their appearance at their sensory ends.

Paroxysmal attacks in various disorders have been reported extensively and ephaptic coupling of myelin nerve has been presumed as one of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon.

* pentoxifylline, a drug that has the potential to enhance circulation and may have applicability in treatment of diabetes, fibrotic disorders, peripheral nerve damage, and microvascular injuries

Rosicrucians, in the same way of those who have had near-death experiences, speak of a life review period occurring immediately after death and before entering the afterlife's planes of existence ( before the silver cord is broken ), followed by a judgment, more akin to a Final Review or End Report over one's life.

In adults, CBT has been shown to have a role in the treatment plans for anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, chronic low back pain, personality disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia, and with post-spinal cord injuries.

In adults, CBT has been shown to have a role in the treatment plans for anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, chronic low back pain, personality disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia, and with post-spinal cord injuries.

Similar applications have not been successfully proven in other clinical trials of consuming cranberry juice or tablets by people with spinal cord injury associated with bladder catheterization, neurogenic bladder or infrequent urination, any of which may be associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.

The broken neck would have proven the fatal injury, whether caused by the sinew cord around Lindow Man's neck tightening or by blows to the back of the head.

There are also other types of neurons that have consistent effects on their targets, for example " excitatory " motor neurons in the spinal cord that release acetylcholine, and " inhibitory " spinal neurons that release glycine.

Bilateria, which include the great majority of vertebrates and invertebrates, all have a nervous system containing a brain, one central cord ( or two running in parallel ), and nerves.

Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified.

Bone marrow has been found to be one of the rich sources of adult stem cells which have been used in treating several conditions including Spinal cord injury, Liver Cirrhosis, Chronic Limb Ischemia and Endstage heart failure.

* 2005: Researchers at Kingston University in England claim to have discovered a third category of stem cell, dubbed cord-blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells ( CBEs ), derived from umbilical cord blood.

The release cord may have a complex braid to add bulk to the end.

All of the 2. 5-liter 4-cylinder engines have a timing belt made of rubber and cord.

Once a syrinx has formed, pressure differences along the spine have been proposed to be one mechanism causing fluid movement within the cyst, possibly resulting in damage to the spinal cord.

Some patients with this form of the disorder also have hydrocephalus, in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull, or a condition called arachnoiditis, in which a covering of the spinal cord — the arachnoid membrane — is inflamed.

Surgery of the spinal cord has certain, characteristic risks associated with it and the benefits of a surgical procedure on the spine have to be weighed against the possible complications associated with any procedure.

Unlike nectonematiodeans, gordioideans lack lateral rows of setae, have a single, ventral epidermal cord and their blastocoels are filled with mesenchyme in young animals but become spacious in older individuals.

The pins on the outside rails have U-shaped hooks and the cord just rests in the bend.

The inside pins have a hook that grasps the cord and holds the bars in place against the force of the damper pad.

Some have more resonance than others, and the best method of producing the clearest sound is to hang the drum with nylon cord or to place it on foam.

The intended use was for pendant seals, which are discs of wax attached to the document by a cord or ribbon, and thus have two sides.

Some have claimed that the symbol of the red cord is related to the practice of the " red light district ".