Chaosnet's innovation of a preamble bit string for packets was eventually incorporated into the 10 Mbit / s Ethernet standard.

RTMP was the protocol by which routers kept each other informed about the topology of the network.

PNNI uses the same shortest-path-first algorithm used by OSPF and IS-IS to route IP packets to share topology information between switches and select a route through a network.

* Cube-connected cycles, a graph used as a communications network topology

* The structure of the system ( network topology, network latency, number of computers ) is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links, and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program.

Figure ( a ) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system ; as usual, the system is represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link.

: For computer network models, see network topology, packet generation model and channel model.

The Freenet protocol is intended to be used on a network of complex topology, such as the Internet ( Internet Protocol ).

This allowed searches to propagate further through the network, and allowed for numerous alterations in the topology which have improved the efficiency and scalability greatly.

A grid network is a kind of computer network consisting of a number of ( computer ) systems connected in a grid topology.

In a regular grid topology, each node in the network is connected with two neighbors along one or more dimensions.

If the network is one-dimensional, and the chain of nodes is connected to form a circular loop, the resulting topology is known as a ring.

In general, when an n-dimensional grid network is connected circularly in more than one dimension, the resulting network topology is a torus, and the network is called " toroidal ".

That semantics will be manifest in part because it constrains the network topology: a network purporting to describe family memberships as we know them cannot have a cycle in its parent links, while graphs ( i. e., data structures ) are of course under no such constraint and may have arbitrary cycles.

Network topology describes the layout pattern of interconnections between devices and network segments.

Copies are automatically created in other network elements, such as routers, but only when the topology of the network requires it.

* Node ( networking ), a device such as a computer or switch attached to a computer or telecommunications network, or a point in a network topology where lines intersect

The Prince took her with him on every tour around the area, and it was rumored he was utilizing her knowledge of Constantinople as part of his espionage network.

In any case, anyone who fails to make significant distinction between primary and secondary applications of economic pressure would in principle already have justified that use of economic boycott as a means which broke out a few years ago or was skillfully organized by White Citizens' Councils in the entire state of Mississippi against every local Philco dealer in that state, in protest against a Philco-sponsored program over a national TV network on which was presented a drama showing, it seemed, a `` high yellow gal '' smooching with a white man.

ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX ( TeletypeWriter eXchange ) network.

By the 1960s the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world.

In 1880, the Aachen tramway network was opened, and in 1895 it was electrified.

When the Viking raids resumed in 892, Alfred was better prepared to confront them with a standing, mobile field army, a network of garrisons, and a small fleet of ships navigating the rivers and estuaries.

At the centre of Alfred's reformed military defence system was a network of fortresses, or burhs, distributed at strategic points throughout the kingdom.

Guido Gelli, director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ), told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world.

Auschwitz concentration camp ( ) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Tridgell was a major developer of the Samba software, analysing the Server Message Block protocol used for workgroup and network file sharing by Microsoft Windows products.

AIX was the first operating system to utilize journaling file systems, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features like processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.

This new system would not have to conform to any existing preconceptions, and was designed to be worthy of the Mac-a system that was user-installable, had zero-configuration, and no fixed network addresses-in short, a true plug-and-play network.

The AppleTalk address resolution protocol ( AARP ) allowed AppleTalk hosts to automatically generate their own network addresses, and the Name Binding Protocol ( NBP ) was a dynamic system for mapping network addresses to user-readable names.

This was the only part of AppleTalk that required periodic unsolicited broadcasts: every 10 seconds, each router had to send out a list of all the network numbers it knew about and how far away it thought they were.

ZIP was the protocol by which AppleTalk network numbers were associated with zone names.

A zone was a subdivision of the network that made sense to humans ( for example, " Accounting Department "); but while a network number had to be assigned to a topologically-contiguous section of the network, a zone could include several different discontiguous portions of the network.

It will readily be seen that in this suggested network ( not materially different from some of the networks in vogue today ) greater emphasis on monitoring is implied than is usually put into practice.

Leading into each break in the show, one of the hosts leads up to the network identification with a humorous take on a disgusted reaction of some usually famous person to hearing that identification.

As client devices usually do not know when users may unplug them from the network, the protocol does not mandate the sending of DHCP Release.

As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces ( although it is sometimes said that the entire planet is an ecosystem ).

* Late endosomes receive internalized material en route to lysosomes, usually from early endosomes in the endocytic pathway, from trans-Golgi network ( TGN ) in the biosynthetic pathway, and from phagosomes in the phagocytic pathway.

While Mike is usually portrayed as simply dumb ( for example, in A Man of His Convictions in series 2 he writes a letter to media commentator Stuart Littlemore full of basic spelling and grammatical errors ) he occasionally surprises his colleagues with his sneakiness: in Give ' em Enough Rope ( series 2 ) he traps the network owner into admitting to contravening the Broadcasting Act in a live interview, after first getting the owner to publicly commit to allowing him to ask difficult questions without threat to his job.

The modifiers ( calcium, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium ) alter the network structure ; they are usually present as ions, compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms, bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby.

Note that a grid network is not the same as a grid computer ( or computational grid ) ( even though the nodes in a grid network are usually computers, and grid computing obviously requires some kind of computer network to interconnect the computers ).

These circuits are usually a network of binary addition circuits that continually recalculate the missile's position.

As the node address is usually identical to the MAC address of the network adapter, the Address Resolution Protocol is not needed.

The LLC sublayer presents a uniform interface to the user of the data link service, usually the network layer.

* The U interface is a two-wire interface between the exchange and a network terminating unit, which is usually the demarcation point in non-North American networks.

IPv6 addresses are classified by three types of networking methodologies: unicast addresses identify each network interface, anycast addresses identify a group of interfaces, usually at different locations of which the nearest one is automatically selected, and multicast addresses are used to deliver one packet to many interfaces.

The term " neural network " usually refers to models employed in statistics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence.

Neural network models in artificial intelligence are usually referred to as artificial neural networks ( ANNs ); these are essentially simple mathematical models defining a function or a distribution over or both and, but sometimes models are also intimately associated with a particular learning algorithm or learning rule.

Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier ( similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs ), the instrumentation amplifier ( usually built from three op-amps ), the isolation amplifier ( similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp ), and negative feedback amplifier ( usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network ).

WiFi uses radio waves for connection over distances up to around 91 metres, usually in a local area network ( LAN ) environment.

This model of network arrangement differs from the client – server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.

When the expense of mechanisms to provide QoS is justified, network customers and providers can enter into a contractual agreement termed a service level agreement ( SLA ) which specifies guarantees for the ability of a network / protocol to give guaranteed performance / throughput / latency bounds based on mutually agreed measures, usually by prioritizing traffic.

Since local television stations often need to sell more commercial airtime than network affiliates, syndicated shows are usually cut to make room for extra commercials.