He then followed the fortunes of his friend Elector Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the Emperor by an alliance with King Henry II of France.

* 1661 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.

King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, ".

In addition to James II himself ( who died a few months after the act received the royal assent ) and his Catholic children Prince James and Princess Louisa, the act also excluded the descendents of James ' sister Henrietta, the youngest daughter of Charles I. Henrietta's daughter Anne was then the Queen of Sardinia and a Catholic ; the Jacobite heirs of today are descended from her line.

His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland, Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia.

Abhorrers, the name given in 1679 to the persons who expressed their abhorrence at the action of those who had signed petitions urging King Charles II of England to assemble Parliament.

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

In 1806 Francis II ( now Francis I of Austria ) named the Archduke Charles, already a field marshal, as Commander in Chief of the Austrian army and Head of the Council of War.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

On the death of Louis II in 1417 it reverted to Savoy, and, although Count René again retook the area for Provence in 1471, it had returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France due to the death of Count Charles V in 1481.

The Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, which had its origins as an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II.

On Halgaver Moor ( Goats ' Moor ) near Bodmin there was once an annual carnival in July which was on one occasion attended by King Charles II.

Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph ( 1811 – 1832 ) was created king of Rome ( 1811 – 1814 ) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.

#* Napoléon ( II ) François Joseph Charles Bonaparte ( 1811 – 1832 ) Napoléon II, son of Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria of the Habsburg dynasty

#* Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte ( 1822 – 1891 ), called Plon-Plon married Princess Marie Clothilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

On the death of Charles II his brother, a Roman Catholic, became James II.

Charles II of England was concerned by the unregulated copying of books and passed the Licensing of the Press Act 1662 by Act of Parliament, which established a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers ' Company, essentially continuing the licensing of material that had long been in effect.

* Charles V of Naples ( 1661 – 1700 ), better known as Charles II of Spain

** Charles II ( 1285 – 1309 )

** Charles II ( 1349 – 1387 )

** Charles II ( 1385 – 1386 )

* 1520 – The Revolt of the Comuneros begins in Spain against the rule of Charles V.

* 1521 – Battle of Villalar: King Charles I of Spain defeats the Comuneros.

Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League.

Emperor Joseph I, acting on behalf of his younger brother King ’ Charles III ’, absent in Spain, claimed that reconquered Brabant and Flanders should be put under immediate possession of a governor named by himself.

While the town's name is generally seen as a diminutive form of Barcelona in Spain, Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing point out an earlier attestation of the name Barcilona in Barcelonnette in around 1200, and suggest that it is derived instead from two earlier stems signifying a mountain, * bar and * cin ( the latter of which is also seen in the name of Mont Cenis ).

# Joseph Bonaparte ( Corte 1768 – Florence 1844 ), King of Naples and Spain, married Julie Clary, sister of Napoleon's childhood sweetheart, Désirée, who was to become the wife of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, the later Charles XIV of Sweden.

* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ( 1500 – 1558 ), also Charles I of Spain

* Infante Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina ( 1788 – 1855 ), first Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain ( as Charles V )

Charles and the Duke of Buckingham, James's favourite and a man who had great influence over the prince, together travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 in an attempt to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match.

The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty.

Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that King James declare war on Spain.

James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France, whom Charles had met in Paris while en route to Spain.

However, Almagro's friendship with Pizarro showed signs of deterioration in 1526 when Pizarro, in the name of the rest of the conquistadors, called forth the " Capitulacion de Toledo " law in which King Charles I of Spain had laid out his authorization for the conquest of Peru and the awards every conquistador would receive from it.

Ecuador's economic woes were, no doubt, compounded by the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 by King Charles III of Spain.

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

King Charles II of Spain bestowed upon him the Order of the Golden Fleece, while his cousin, Victor Amadeus, provided him with money and two profitable abbeys in Piedmont.

With Leopold I's interests now focused on Spain and the imminent death of Charles II, the Emperor terminated the conflict with the Sultan, and signed the Treaty of Karlowitz on 26 January 1699.

With the death of the infirm and childless Charles II of Spain on 1 November 1700, the succession of the Spanish throne and subsequent control over her empire once again embroiled Europe in war – the War of the Spanish Succession.

Both were conquered under the reign of King Charles I of Spain who was simultaneously emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire during the fall of the Aztecs and fully emperor during the fall of the Incas.

Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry Prince Philip of Spain, the son of Emperor Charles V and an active Catholic.