Seward's initial reaction to the Trent affair, however, was too bellicose, so Lincoln also turned to Senator Charles Sumner, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and an expert in British diplomacy.

The Château Trompette ( Trumpet Castle ) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England.

In the early 1970s, however, the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau ( now NYC & Company, the official marketing and tourism organization for New York City ), under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett, began promoting " the Big Apple " for the city.

* The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz ( ISBN 0-385-04114-4 ): Out of print, however it's commonly available second-hand.

Unable, however, to resist the urging of Charles V, the pope, after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council at Trent ( at that time a free city of the Holy Roman Empire under a prince-bishop ), on December 13, 1545 ; the Pope's decision to transfer it to Bologna in March, 1547 on the pretext of avoiding a plague failed to take effect and the Council was indefinitely prorogued on 17 September 1549.

At this juncture, however, events turned in favour of Charles.

The trip ended as an embarrassing failure however as the Spanish demanded that Charles must convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty.

The known Spanish manuscript was lost in the 18th or 19th centuries ; however, an 18th-century copy of it was discovered in the 1970s in the University of Sydney's Fisher Library among the books of Charles Nicholson, labelled in English " Transcribed from ms. in possession of the Revd Mr Edm.

Eventually, however, under Charles V and then Philip II, the Burgundian Netherlands became part of the Habsburg empire ruled from Spain.

Toussaint, however, asserted enough independence that in 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte sent a massive invasion force, under his brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to increase French control.

Emperor Joseph II however made a preliminary pact to make a neighbour of Luxembourg, Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, as Duke of Luxembourg and king in the Low Countries, in exchange of his possessions in Bavaria and Franconia.

In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of Crémieu.

Soon, however, Puertocarrero was on his way to Spain as Cortés ' emissary to Charles V, and Cortés kept her by his side for her value as an interpreter who spoke two native languages — Mayan and Nahuatl.

" Charles Rosen, however, retorts that McClary " sets up, like so many of the ' new musicologists ', a straw man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning, and no political or social significance ".

Mary faced no problems early in her reign, however, as Charles was unable to pose threat to her, his own crown being claimed by Louis I, Duke of Anjou.

The Neapolitan party, however, declared Charles ' underage son Ladislaus the rightful heir.

Žáček, a professor at Prague's Charles University, published first ; however, he published in a journal with a small circulation and thus attracted little attention.

Pius IV, however, aided by Cardinal Morone and Charles Borromeo, proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority.

Charles however, did not respond to the request.

This progress in his personal life, however, could not be matched in his political life as he was unable to persuade Charles, Catherine's nephew, to support the annulment of his aunt's marriage.

Charles Darwin talks about envisioning evolution as a " tangled bank " in On the Origin of Species ; however, the book's sole illustration is of a branched diagram that is very tree-like.

The Spanish and the Dutch Republic outnumbered the English fleet's 22 galleons and 108 armed merchant ships ; however, The Spanish lost as a result of bad weather on the English Channel and poor planning and logistics, and in the face of the skills of Sir Francis Drake and Charles Howard, the second Baron Howard of Effingham ( later first Earl of Nottingham ).

Other films shot in widescreen were the musical Happy Days ( 1929 ) which premiered at the Roxy Theater, New York City, on February 13, 1930, starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell and a 12 year old Betty Grable as a chorus girl ; Song o ’ My Heart, a musical feature starring Irish tenor John McCormack and directed by Frank Borzage ( Seventh Heaven, A Farewell to Arms ), which was shipped from the labs on March 17, 1930, but never released and may no longer survive, according to film historian Miles Kreuger ( the 35mm version, however, debuted in New York on March 11, 1930 ); and the western The Big Trail ( 1930 ) starring John Wayne and Tyrone Power, Sr. which premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on October 2, 1930, all of which were also made in the 70mm Fox Grandeur process.

This proved a hollow guarantee, however, as the French decided to intervene to partition the Habsburg Monarchy after all following the death of Charles in 1740.

During his absence, Regent Christine had gained control of the fortresses granted to Thomas Francis as part of the settlement of the Piedmontese Civil War ( legally, these reverted to ducal control when the Duke came of age, which under Piedmontese law Charles Emmanuel did in 1648, though his mother remained in control of the government ; Christine, accompanied by her son and part of the ducal army, entered Ivrea and dismissed Thomas ' personal garrison ; she appointed Thomas Francis instead as governor or Asti and Alba, positions which sweetened the blow but were entirely under ducal control, not guaranteed by treaty.

During his absence, Regent Christine had gained control of the fortresses granted to Thomas as part of the settlement of the Piedmontese Civil War ( legally, these reverted to ducal control when the Duke came of age, which under Piedmontese law Charles Emmanuel did in 1648, though his mother remained in control of the government ; Christine, accompanied by her son and part of the ducal army, entered Ivrea and dismissed Thomas ' personal garrison ; she appointed Thomas instead as governor or Asti and Alba, positions which sweetened the blow but were entirely under ducal control, not guaranteed by treaty.

* Charles I had to abolish the Court of the Star Chamber, a royal court controlled completely by Charles I in which the prosecutor was also the judge ( which pretty much guaranteed a guilty verdict for the defendant ) and it was intended to be used to implement the will of the king legally with a " judicial " façade.

That operation, called Project Lindbergh after Charles Lindbergh ’ s pioneering transatlantic flight from New York to Paris, was conducted over a dedicated fiberoptic link to ensure guaranteed connectivity and minimal lag.

They offered a guaranteed loan of £ 200, 000 sterling to pay the army, and attempted to negotiate with the Scots ( to no avail ), but would not undertake the powers of a Parliament, and advised Charles to summon Parliament.

In August 1552, weary from three decades of religious civil war, Charles guaranteed Lutheran religious freedoms in the Peace of Passau.

Lionel's only son, William, a controversial figure, amassed great debts guaranteed by the expectation of inheriting the family fortune, however, he, too, predeceased his father who subsequently bequeathed the estates to his grandson, William John Manners Tollemache, with his brothers, Frederick and Algernon with Charles Hanbury-Tracy acting as trustees for 21 years to 1899.

Maurice, insulted after these incidents by his compatriots and called a " Judas ", was also disappointed by the emperor's attitude ( because now Charles V tried to reintroduce Catholicism into the Empire's Protestant territories and the continued imprisonment of his father-in-law, Landgrave Philip of Hesse, whose freedom Charles V had guaranteed ), he hid his feelings from him up to the Diet of Augsburg on 25 February 1548, where the ceremony of the formal inauguration of Maurice as Elector of Saxony took place.

Johnson and Charles Phillips, also of the CMS, arranged a ceasefire in 1886 and then a treaty that guaranteed the independence of the Ekiti towns.

The incident set an important precedent in terms of the apparent authority of Parliament to safeguard the nation's interests and its capacity to launch legal campaigns, as it later did against Buckingham, Archbishop Laud, the Earl of Strafford and Charles I.

In 1641, Parliament passed a Bill of Attainder against the King's minister Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford who was fiercely loyal to Charles.

It replaced the Jacobean structure that was once the home of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, whom Charles I sacrificed in 1641 to appease Parliament.

According to Laud he held out to Strafford hopes of saving his life if he would use his influence with the king to abolish episcopacy, but the earl refused, and Holles advised Charles that Strafford should demand a short respite, of which he would take advantage to procure a commutation of the death sentence.

According to local legend, it was during his stay at the Wheatsheaf Inn in Daventry that Charles was twice visited by the ghost of his former adviser and friend, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, who advised him to keep heading north and warned him that he would not win through force of arms.

In November 1640 he was elected MP for Saltash in the Long Parliament, He was at first a moderate critic of King Charles I, but gradually moved over towards the royalist side, championing the Church of England and opposing the execution of the Earl of Strafford, Charles's primary advisor.

Educated at Eton, he travelled abroad for some time and in 1636 became secretary to the lord high treasurer, William Juxon ; later he was a member of the Long Parliament, being one of those who voted against the attainder of Strafford and who followed Charles I to Oxford.

The result was that the House of Lords in England, after several days ' hearing, reversed the decree made in 1637, thus finally and solemnly declaring that Charles I, Strafford, and their respective councils had been wrong throughout.

After 11 years of attempting Personal Rule ( 1629-1640 ), Charles recalled Parliament in 1640 on the advice of Lord Wentworth, recently created Earl of Strafford.

Altogether van Dyck has been estimated to have painted forty portraits of King Charles himself, as well as about thirty of the Queen, nine of Earl of Strafford and multiple ones of other courtiers.

In May 1640, Northumberland was one of only two members of a subcommittee of the Privy Council who opposed the dissolution of the Short Parliament, a move that confirmed his break with Wentworth ( whom Charles had recently named Earl of Strafford ) and earned him the displeasure of the king.

* George Henry Charles Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford ( 1830 – 1898 )

Charles's chief weakness, it says, was in yielding to Parliament's demands for the head of the Earl of Strafford ; for this sin, Charles paid with his throne and his life.

In 1640, Radcliffe, like Strafford, was arrested and impeached, but the charges against him were not pressed, and in 1643 he was with Charles I at Oxford.

This work gave such offence to Charles I of England that he gave special directions to his Irish viceroy, Strafford, to have it suppressed.

When, however, the popular party proceeded to more extreme measures, Francis Seymour refused his support, and was rewarded by being raised to the peerage ; he voted in the House of Lords against the attainder of Strafford, and in 1642 he joined Charles at York and fought on the royalist side throughout the Great Rebellion.

Adhering to the cause of King Charles I in the King's dispute with the Parliament of England, he attended his kinsman Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford at his execution, and afterwards was a general on the royalist side in the Civil War until he was taken prisoner at the Second Battle of Newbury in 1644.