* 1997 – The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 enters into force, outlawing the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons by its signatories.

Category: Chemical weapons attacks

Later on, it became the site of a chemical weapons depot and the site of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System ( JACADS ).

As chemical weapons, they are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687 ( passed in April 1991 ) and their production and stockpiling was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 ; the Chemical Weapons Convention officially took effect on April 29, 1997.

According to a 1998 report created by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the U. S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the Army created at least 26 chemical weapons dump sites in the ocean off at least 11 states on both the west and east coasts.

The organization promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention which prohibits of the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction.

Today, members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 54 compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons.

The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention was signed banning the manufacture and use of chemical weapons.

Chemical warfare ( CW ) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

This type of warfare is distinct from Nuclear warfare and Biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical ( warfare or weapons ), all of which are considered " weapons of mass destruction " ( WMD ).

Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force.

Chemical weapons were used by the German Empire in Ypres, Kingdom of Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released.

The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ) is an arms control agreement which outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons.

Chemical energy ammunition in its various forms has consistently been the choice for those weapons which due to various factors of their design could not generate the high muzzle energy needed by a kinetic energy weapon.

* Chemical warfare, involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy

* 1993: The United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention was signed by 162 member countries, banning the production and stockpiling of many chemical weapons, including sarin.

* Biological, Nuclear, Chemical, types of weapons of mass destruction

The Russian Federation, as a member-state of the Chemical Weapons Convention, undertook " never and under no circumstances to carry out any activities prohibited to member-states of this Convention " to develop, to accumulate, to stockpile and to use chemical weapons that can cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals.

Chemical weapons were used extensively against Iran during the Iran – Iraq War.

Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained, by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons.

Among major industrial centers closed to curtail pollution were the Nairit Chemical Plant, the Alaverdy Metallurgical Plant, and the Vanadzor Chemical Combine.

The late author Sheldon H. Harris in his book " Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover up " wrote that, The test program, could be part of Project AGILE or Project OCONUS which began in fall 1962 and which was funded at least through fiscal year 1963, was considered by the Chemical Corps to be “ an ambitious one .” The tests were designed to cover “ not only trials at sea, but Arctic and tropical environmental tests as well .” The tests, presumably, were conducted at what research officers designated, but did not name, “ satellite sites .” These sites were located both in the continental United States and in foreign countries.

The money was devoted largely to developing “ technical advice on the conduct of defoliation and anti-crop activities in Southeast Asia .” By the end of fiscal year 1962, the Chemical Corps had let or were negotiating contracts for over one thousand chemical defoliants.

Of particular note, programs that were placed within the top 10 % of all size programs in that field based on an average of the R95 and S95 rank order include Aeronautics, Astrophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Bioengineering, Biology, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Science and Engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Planetary Science, and Social Science ( Economics ).

Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.

From 1950 – 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India investigated 2, 778 deaths that were caused by ingesting Datura.

Reinitzer perceived that color changes in a derivative cholesteryl benzoate were not the most peculiar feature. Chemical structure of Cholesteryl benzoate molecule He found that cholesteryl benzoate does not melt in the same manner as other compounds, but has two melting points.

After news reports of napalm B's deadly and disfiguring effects were published, Dow Chemical experienced some boycotts of all its products, and its recruiters for new chemists, chemical engineers, etc., graduating from college were subject to campus boycotts.

Chemical chain reactions were first proposed by German chemist Max Bodenstein in 1913, and were reasonably well understood before nuclear chain reactions were proposed.

The results were published in Soviet science journals, and short summaries were published in Chemical Abstracts in English, but Western scientists took no notice of the work.

Chemical analysis found that samples of polywater were contaminated with other substances ( explaining the changes in melting and boiling points ), and examination of polywater via electron microscopy showed that it also contained small particles of various solids from silicon to phospholipids, explaining its greater viscosity.

He debated Drexler in an exchange of letters which were published in Chemical & Engineering News as a point-counterpoint feature.

The next day, the names of the eight tracks not composed by Clint Mansell – Black Swans main composer – were released, listing The Chemical Brothers as contributing three new songs for the movie.

As befits its roots in the early chemical industry of the region the Tech had pioneered Chemical Engineering as an academic subject in Britain, indeed the lectures by George E. Davis in 1888 were highly influential in defining the discipline.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs used by U. S. industry were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

In Japan, PCBs were first produced by Kanegafuchi Chemical Co. Ltd. ( Kaneka ) in 1954 and production continued until 1972 when the Japanese government banned the production, use, and import of PCBs.

The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ( ATC ) Classification System is used for the classification of drugs.

The words, with some variations, are used in the track Jerusalem on Bruce Dickinson's album The Chemical Wedding, which also includes lines from book two of Milton.

Chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials.

The term " covalence " in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules ".

Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores.

A prominent case can be seen in the Love Canal Homeowner ’ s association ( LCHA ); in this case a housing development was built on a site that had been used for toxic dumping by the Hooker Chemical Company.

Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from degradation, and to maintain the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as cell organelles ( e. g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria ).

Many laboratories used a two-step method: Chemical precipitation of lipoproteins containing apoprotein B, then calculating HDL associated cholesterol as the cholesterol remaining in the supernate, and there are also direct methods.

Chemical tests are also used for some genera.

Columbium ( symbol Cb ) was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, and this name remained in use in American journals — the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953 — while niobium was used in Europe.

Chemical mechanical polishing is often used to flatten topography before high-resolution lithographic steps.

Chemical structure of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor used in chemotherapy that is particularly effective against multiple myeloma

The typeface used to write the typical " The Chemical Brothers " logo is derived from Sho, designed by Karlgeorg Hoefer in 1992.

Chemical patents are different from other sources of technical information because of the generic, Markush structures contained within them, named after the inventor Eugene Markush who won a claim in the US in 1925 to allow such structures to be used in patent claims.

* Chemical peel: minimizing the appearance of acne, chicken pox, and other scars as well as wrinkles ( depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows ), solar lentigines ( age spots, freckles ), and photodamage in general.

Chemical sealants are often used on tiles to improve durability and appearance, increase stain resistance, reduce efflorescence, and increase or reduce surface smoothness.

:* Chemical signatures, particularly Mg / Ca ratio of calcite in Foraminifera tests, can be used to reconstruct past temperature.

* Research Chemical, a name used to refer to laboratory use & uncommon grey market psychoactive drugs

This approach has been adapted, extended, and used by a number of researchers in the Chemical Physics community as a way to compute semi-classical and quasi-classical molecular dynamics.

* Chemical diabetes – is a term that is no longer used.