In several early French works such as Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, the Story of the Grail and the Vulgate Lancelot Proper section, Excalibur is used by Gawain, Arthur's nephew and one of his best knights.

A grail, wondrous but not explicitly " holy ", first appears in Perceval le Gallois, an unfinished romance by Chrétien de Troyes: it is a processional salver used to serve at a feast.

Chrétien refers to his object not as " The Grail " but as " a grail " ( un graal ), showing the word was used, in its earliest literary context, as a common noun.

St. Laurent was ranked # 4 on a survey of the first 20 prime ministers ( through Jean Chrétien ) of Canada done by Canadian historians, and used by J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer in their book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders.

The Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien campaigned on promising to continue to cut the federal deficit to allow the creation of a budget surplus and then to spend one half of the surplus on repaying Canada's national debt as well as cutting taxes while the other half of the surplus would be used to increase funding to social programs such as health care, taking action to assist Canadian children living in poverty, and to promote job creation.

At times, prime ministers ' spouses have used their public status to promote charitable causes ; Mila Mulroney was a spokesperson for the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and other children's charities, Aline Chrétien was an active campaigner for literacy programs, and Laureen Harper is known for her support of animal welfare organizations such as the Ottawa Humane Society.

The post was also not used under Jean Chrétien.

These positions were first used by Jean Chrétien as a way to decrease the size of the cabinet without substantially decreasing the size of the ministry.

Chrétien also had parliamentary secretaries, ranking below secretaries of state, who were set to two-year terms and the post was used as a reward for weary backbenchers.

Additionally, they pointed out that not only were many newspapers and magazines using photos highlighting Chrétien's facial deformity that were similar to those used in the ad, Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign ( Liberal advertisements in Quebec used a phrase translated into English as " Strange looking face, but reflect on what's inside ").

Chrétien also demonstrated a casual attitude towards the affair, later joking that he had used the Shawinigan Handshake because he mistook Clennett for John Nunziata, whom Chrétien had dismissed from the Liberal caucus for voting against the 1996 budget.

This sobriquet was later used by other opposition MPs as well ; in a member's statement on February 12, 1997, Chuck Strahl sarcastically nominated Chrétien for a " Parliamentary Oscar " for his " performance " in The Shawinigan Strangler.

Politicians alleged to have used triangulation more recently include US President Barack Obama, former Senator Hillary Clinton, Tony Blair with " New Labour " in the United Kingdom, Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin with the Liberal Party of Canada, Fredrik Reinfeldt with " The New Moderates " in Sweden, and Bob Hawke, Paul Keating, and Kevin Rudd of the Australian Labor Party.

The castle is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien de Troyes ' poem Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, dating to the 1170s, though it does not appear in all the manuscripts.

The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes.

The Grail is first featured in Perceval, le Conte du Graal ( The Story of the Grail ) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count Philip of Flanders.

For example, Joseph Goering of the University of Toronto has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan Pyrenees ( now mostly removed to the Museu Nacional d ' Art de Catalunya, Barcelona ), which present unique iconic images of the Virgin Mary holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes.

The first Grail romance, Le Conte du Graal, was written around 1180 by Chrétien de Troyes, who came from the same area where the Council of Troyes had officially sanctioned the Templars ' Order.

Guillaume de Saint-Amour, Gérard d ' Abbeville, Henry of Ghent, Guillaume des Grez, Odo or Eudes of Douai, Chrétien de Beauvais, Gérard de Reims, Nicolas de Bar were among the most illustrious scholars connected either with the first chairs in the Sorbonne, or with the first association that constituted it.

Leopold I ( Leopold Georges Chrétien Frederic ; ; Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony ; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865 ) was from 21 July 1831 the first King of the Belgians, following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.

Chrétien practised law at the Shawinigan firm of Alexandre Gélinas and Joe Lafond until he was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a Liberal from the riding of Saint-Maurice – Laflèche in the 1963 election.

Iona Campagnolo would ominously introduce Chrétien as, " Second on the ballot, but first in our hearts.

The first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes ( fl.

The Fisher King first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's 12th century French romance Perceval, the Story of the Grail ; he has been dealt a mortal wound in the leg ( Brân's wound was in his foot ) but stays alive in his mystical castle due to the effects of the Grail, waiting to be healed by Percival.

This story first appears in Chrétien de Troyes ' Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, and reappears as a common motif in numerous cyclical Arthurian literature, starting with the Lancelot-Grail Cycle of the early 13th century and carrying through the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d ' Arthur.

The works of Chrétien were some of the first to elaborate on the character Guinevere beyond simply the wife of Arthur.

His first appearance as a main character is in Chrétien de Troyes ' Le Chevalier de la Charette, or " Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart ," which was written in the 12th century.

The character Lancelot is first introduced by writer Chrétien de Troyes in the 12th century.

It is also Chrétien who first gives Lancelot the name Lancelot du Lac (“ Lancelot of the Lake ”) which was later picked up by the Anglo-French Lancelot-Grail and then Malory.

Whereas Chrétien treats Lancelot as if his audience were already familiar with the character's background, most of the exploits associated with Lancelot today are first mentioned here ( e. g. Lancelot's parentage, Lancelot and the Grail, Lancelot, Guenivere and the fall of Camelot, etc.

" Camelot " first appears in Chrétien de Troyes ' Lancelot, though Chretien also mentions Caerleon.

Based on Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, le Conte du Graal, it is the first extant work in German to have as its subject the Holy Grail.

Chrétien also has the distinction of being the first writer to mention the Holy Grail ( Perceval ) and the love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot ( Lancelot ), subjects of household recognition even today.

The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes ( Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively ).

* November 27 – Jean Chrétien is re-elected as Prime Minister of Canada, as the Liberal Party of Canada increases its majority in the House of Commons of Canada.

* Paul Martin replaces Jean Chrétien as Prime Minister of Canada in 2003 by becoming the new leader of the Liberal Party.

* October 25 – Canadian federal election, 1993: Jean Chrétien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to an historic low of 2 seats.

As well, the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization.

Turner then re-entered politics, and defeated Jean Chrétien, his successor as finance minister, on the second ballot of the June 1984 Liberal leadership convention.

The succeeding Liberal government of Jean Chrétien campaigned in 1993 on a promise to eliminate the GST ( as per the Red Book ), but ultimately backed away from that promise.

After Trudeau announced his retirement in early 1984 as Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister, Chrétien sought the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.

* Joe Clark-Pays a visit to Jean Chrétien ( Abbott ) to offer some advice, former Prime Minister to current Prime Minister ; the gag is that everything Joe says has a word that rhymes with " right ", since he is a Conservative while Chrétien is a Liberal.

These cutbacks were, in part, a reaction to a dramatic reduction in federal transfer payments by the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and concommitant repeal of the Canada Assistance Plan bill of rights which included a right to food and a right to shelter.

In Canada in 2002 the ruling Liberal Party of Canada under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien opposed a successful measure by Paul Martin Jr., also a Liberal and widely regarded as Chrétien's rival or successor, to require Canadian House of Commons committees to choose chairs by secret ballot.

When Jean Chrétien announced his decision to retire ( largely as a result of attempts to oust him by former finance minister Paul Martin ), Manley announced his intention to run for the Liberal leadership.

Observers interpreted that his departure of federal politics was due to his frustration at the stranglehold on the future leadership of the Liberal party by the then Minister of Finance, Paul Martin, and possibly because Chrétien had promoted John Manley to Deputy Prime Minister, which designated Manley as the preferred successor.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the paper generally supported the policies of Liberal Prime Ministers Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin.

It advocated a " unite-the-right " movement to create a viable alternative to the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien, and was a very large supporter of the Canadian Alliance.

Public musings that the divided PCs would be marginalized in a future election between a relatively stable western-based CA under Stephen Harper and the massively popular Paul Martin Liberals ( although Jean Chrétien remained the Liberal leader until November 2003, he had announced he would not run again ), MacKay encouraged talks between high-profile members of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives.

The decision by Prime Minister and Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien to call a snap, early election in fall of 2000 has been viewed by commentators as an attempt to stem a possible rise of support to the Canadian Alliance.

The Liberal Party came under attack by opposition parties for irregularities in the Department of Human Resources ' Transition Job Fund program, but Chrétien managed to capably defend the government's actions.

The Liberal Party's most tense problem was the ongoing leadership feud within the Liberal Party between Chrétien and Finance Minister Paul Martin who wanted to replace Chrétien as Liberal leader and Prime Minister.