Citizenship granted in this fashion is referred to by the Latin phrase jus sanguinis meaning " right of blood " and means that citizenship is granted based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe.

Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept, and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having rights and duties.

Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has ; the concept can include both senses.

Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.

The concept of " Commonwealth Citizenship " has been in place ever since the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations.

However, even though the implementation of the Australian Citizenship Act in 1948 established the concept of an independent Australian citizenship, the idea of Australian-born persons being appointed governor of New South Wales was much earlier.

However, the Supreme Court repudiated this concept in Afroyim v. Rusk,, as well as Vance v. Terrazas,, holding that the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment barred the Congress from revoking citizenship.

In From Urbanization to Cities ( originally published in 1986 as The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship ), Bookchin traced the democratic traditions that influenced his political philosophy and defined the implementation of the libertarian municipalism concept.

In 1948, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British Nationality Act 1948, which came into effect on 1 January 1949 and introduced the concept of " Citizenship of the UK & Colonies ".

" A 2010 review of the history of the Citizenship Clause notes that the Wong Kim Ark decision held that the guarantee of birthright citizenship " applies to children of foreigners present on American soil " and states that the Supreme Court " has not re-examined this issue since the concept of ' illegal alien ' entered the language ".

* 1948: Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 creates the concept of Australian citizenship, in force from 26 January 1949.

Citizenship granted in this fashion is referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli meaning " right of soil ".

Citizenship can also be obtained by marrying a citizen, which is termed jure matrimonii.

" Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time.

Citizenship is a status in society.

Article 17 ( 1 ) of the Treaty on European Union stated that: Citizenship of the Union is hereby established.

Citizenship is offered as a General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) course in many schools in the United Kingdom.

* Citizenship is a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in state schools in England for all pupils aged 11 – 16.

* Citizenship is not taught as a discrete subject in Scottish schools, but is a cross-curricular strand of the Curriculum for Excellence.

Citizenship in Genosha is permanent and the government does not recognize any emigration.

Citizenship is tightly linked to the deme, for each deme keeps the roll of those within its jurisdiction, who are admitted to citizenship.

Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Act 1986, the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Act 1992, the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Act 2003, and the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Ordinance 2005.

Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, enacted on October 6, 1995, defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and also outlines the naturalization process for future immigrants.

Citizenship, itself, is often considered as the basis for having legal rights, and has been defined as the " right to have rights ".

As the embodiment of the state, the monarch tops the Canadian order of precedence and is also the locus of oaths of allegiance, required of many of the aforementioned employees of the Crown, as well as by new citizens, as per the Oath of Citizenship laid out in the Citizenship Act.

Citizenship has generally been identified as a western phenomenon.

Under the terms of the 1954 Australian Citizenship Convention, a print of the work was generally present in local town halls where many naturalisation ceremonies took place.

Citizenship could be granted by the assembly and was sometimes given to large groups ( Plateans in 427 BC, Samians in 405 BC ) but, by the 4th century, only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000.

Citizenship status, under social contract theory, carries with it both rights and responsibilities.

The Canadian Citizenship Act of 1947 provided for a distinct Canadian Citizenship, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada, with some exceptions, and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen.

His goal was to have Indians acting as individuals ( not as tribes ) and to assume the responsibilities of citizenship granted with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.

In March 2009, the House of Lords Constitution Committee criticised UK government proposals in the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Bill dealing with the Common Travel Area, concluding that " the policy-making process ... has not been informed by any real appreciation of the constitutional status of the Crown dependencies or the rights of free movement of Islanders ".

The Bishop ’ s Commission on Citizenship was established at the Fifteenth Session of Diocesan Synod in 1992 with the aim of restoring full citizenship of the islanders and restore the right of abode in the UK.

( 11 ) Citizenship was granted to them both and it was ordered that five hundred iugera of land be granted to each of them too: for Sosis in the Land of Syracuse which had belonged either to the king or enemies of the Roman People, plus such a house in Syracuse that he desired belonging to anyone who had been punished according to the laws of war, ( 12 ): for Moericus and the Spaniards who had gone over with him, a city and land in Sicily belonging to those who had defected from the Roman People.

" Still, though all Canadian nationals were as equally British subjects as their British counterparts prior to the implementation of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947, the idea of Canadian-born persons being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the Paris Peace Conference, Canadian prime minister Robert Borden consulted with Prime Minister of South Africa Louis Botha and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective dominions.

In 1959, Septima Clarke, Bernice Robinson, and Esau Jenkins, with the help of the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee, began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina's Sea Islands.

*: Article 8 of the Law on Citizenship of Ukraine permits any person with at least one Ukrainian grandparent to become a citizen upon renunciation of the former nationality.

The Burke Act amended the sections of the Dawes Act dealing with US Citizenship ( Section 6 ) and the mechanism for issuing allotments.

Choice of a former-citizen scheme, such as the Philippines ' Republic Act 9225 (" Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 "), rather than a right of return such as those listed below, may be more closely associated with the historic circumstances of a people's dispersion and of nation-state formation, respectively, than with principled choices between them.

In 1995 the Czech Republic amended its Citizenship Law to provide the Interior Ministry with the discretion to waive the usual five-year residency requirement for foreigners that had been resettled in the Czech Republic by 31 December 1994.

Separately from this right, the Irish minister responsible for immigration may dispense with conditions of naturalisation to grant citizenship to an applicant who " is of Irish descent or Irish associations ", under section 15 of the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1986.

* Red, White & Blue – ( formerly Citizenship, discontinued in 2003 and replaced with Royal Blue )

President Reagan honored Weeks at The White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday.

In 1939, Senghor was enrolled as a French army enlisted man ( 2ème Classe ) with the rank of private within the 59th Colonial Infantry division in spite of his higher education and his later acquisition of the French Citizenship in 1932.

Native Americans in the United States on reservations gained US citizenship with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, and were encouraged to become integrated in the society through educational programs.

The following year, she passed the Canadian Citizenship Test with a perfect score and became a Canadian citizen.

In collaboration with Roy Miki, she organized " TransCanada: Literature, Institutions, Citizenship " ( Vancouver, June 2005 ), a conference intended to spearhead a critical look at the institutional structures that inform the making and study of CanLit, as well as collaborative projects to be sponsored by the TransCanada Institute.