Class actions may be brought in federal court if the claim arises under federal law, or if the claim falls under 28 USCA § 1332 ( d ).

The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 increases defendants ' ability to remove state cases to federal court by giving federal courts original jurisdiction for all class actions with damages exceeding $ 5, 000, 000, exclusive of interest and costs.

It should be noted, however, that the Class Action Fairness Act contains carve-outs for, ' inter alia ', shareholder class actions covered by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and those concerning internal corporate governance issues ( the latter typically being brought as shareholder derivative actions in the state courts of Delaware, the state of incorporation of most large corporations ).

Class actions may offer a number of advantages because they aggregate a large number of individualized claims into one representational lawsuit.

The preamble to the Class Action Fairness Act stated that some abusive class actions harmed class members with legitimate claims and defendants that have acted responsibly ; adversely affected interstate commerce ; and undermined public respect for the country's judicial system.

Class members often receive little or no benefit from class actions.

Together with Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for actions he performed during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993.

On an aircraft carrier entering San Diego Harbor, Admiral Hammond, in the name of the Secretary of the Navy, awards Petty Officer Second Class Joseph Brady ( Gene Kelly ) and Seaman Clarence Doolittle ( Frank Sinatra ) Silver Stars for actions on the USS Knoxville.

Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who were awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class and 2nd Class respectively for their actions as pilots during World War II.

The naming is in honor and commemoration of U. S. Army Sergeant First Class Randall Shughart, a Medal of Honor recipient whose courageous actions in combat cost him his life during the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia, where he fought under Special Operations Command in October of 1993.

* 1942: As the United States Coast Guard is subsumed into the U. S. Navy in time of declared war, Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro received the Navy version of the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic actions during the Battle of Guadalcanal.

Wyden voted against the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, a Republican effort to restrict the number of class actions suits against businesses and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, a bipartisan change in bankruptcy law designed to make it more difficult to file for bankruptcy and to make those in bankruptcy pay more of their debts.

Inspired by the Stop the City actions of 1983 and 1984, Class War organised a number of ' Bash The Rich ' demonstrations, in which supporters were invited to march through and disrupt wealthier areas of London such as Kensington, and Henley-on-Thames ( during the annual Regatta ), bearing banners and placards with slogans such as " Behold your future executioners!

Both a Staff Sergeant and an Airman First Class stationed at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base had their pay reduced by $ 300 and $ 200 pay per month, respectively, for two months, when their actions resulted in a delayed launch and subsequent aircraft shutdown.

George Frederick Phillips, ( March 8, 1862 – June 4, 1904 ) was a U. S. Navy Machinist First Class who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Spanish-American War in 1899.

* Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry, Medal of Honor recipient for actions during a firefight in Afghanistan

Receiving the Medal of Honor in person: U. S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Ray Davis, in command of the 1st Battalion 7th Marines for his actions 1 through 4 December 1950, U. S. Marine Corps Captain William E. Barber, in command of Fox Company 2nd Battalion 7th Marines, for his actions during the period 28 November through 2 December 1950, U. S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Robert Kennemore, Company E, 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, for his actions during the period 27 and 28 November 1950, and U. S. Marine Corps Private First Class Hector A. Cafferata, Jr., Company F, 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, for his actions on 28 November 1950.

Before, it considered it as a " bourgeois " and " reactionary " activity, something which could be understood due to the social restrictions which weighted on the individual possibilities to take part in such actions: as economist Thorstein Veblen had put it in his Theory of the Leisure Class ( 1899 ), one first had to be a member of that " leisure class " to be able to take part in such activities.

Class 2, stations operating on clear channels are required to cease operation or operate under nighttime restrictions beginning either at local sunset ( for daytime class 2, stations ) or sunset at the location of the dominant class 1, station where located west of the class 2, station ( for limited-time class 2, stations ).

Some 45 frequencies are assigned for use primarily by dominant Class 1, -- A or Class 1, -- B clear-channel stations, designed to operate with adequate power and to provide service -- both groundwave and ( at night ) skywave -- over large areas and at great distances, being protected against interference to the degree necessary to achieve this objective.

Or a bored dog because you are more interested in something else -- maybe the way you look, or the date you have after the Class, or you are just doing this to please the parents.

Many adults showing at Westminster today are products of this Class.

It has been suggested many times that a Class be set up for the Juniors who are overage and cannot enter the Junior Classes.

For some time this writer has been suggesting a Junior Judging Class for Intermediates over 16 and under 20 years of age who are ineligible to compete in the Junior Class.

Class V resins are considered to be produced by a pine or pine relative.

Class I AC's are large cytosolic enzymes (~ 100 kDa ) with a large regulatory domain (~ 50 kDa ) that indirectly senses glucose levels.

The genes for Class II AC's are known as cyaA.

Class A amplifiers are very inefficient, in the range of 10 – 20 % with a max efficiency of 25 % for direct coupling of the output.

Class B amplifiers have a very high efficiency but are impractical for audio work because of high levels of distortion ( See: Crossover distortion ).

Amplifiers of Class C-F are usually known to be very high efficiency amplifiers.

# Class I devices present minimal potential for harm to the user and are often simpler in design than Class II or Class III devices.

# Class II devices are subject to special controls in addition to the general controls of Class I devices.

It was also revealed by Emma Frost that she and Professor X are both Omega Class Telepaths when she manages to detect the real Professor X.

Terms invented by Adams in relation to the strip, and sometimes used by fans in describing their own office environments, include “ Induhvidual .” This term is based on the American English slang expression “ duh !” The conscious misspelling of individual as induhvidual is a pejorative term for people who are not in the DNRC ( Dogbert's New Ruling Class ).

Class AB is widely considered a good compromise for audio amplifiers, since much of the time the music is quiet enough that the signal stays in the " class A " region, where it is amplified with good fidelity, and by definition if passing out of this region, is large enough that the distortion products typical of class B are relatively small.

Listed below are the Divisions for Class 1 ( Explosives ):

Modern Class AB amplifiers commonly have peak efficiencies between 30 – 55 % in audio systems and 50-70 % in radio frequency systems with a theoretical maximum of 78. 5 %.

While commonly referred to by their rank, i. e. Seaman / Airman / Fireman / Petty Officer X or ( Senior / Master ) Chief X, in formal occasions, i. e. weddings, an enlisted man's full title is sometimes used, starting with their rating, then their rank, and their name, i. e. Electronics Technician Petty Officer Second Class X.

The most commonly used are the drop feed for light and medium duty, and walking foot for medium and heavy duty like the Class 7 with an impressive 3 / 4 " foot lift.

These devices are commonly called Class II machines, because the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act separated bingo, including electronic and mechanical aids, where players play against each other, from Class III slot machines, where player play against the house.

The term " First Class " isn't used as such by the Russian Railways, which has its own class system, but is commonly employed to translate the corresponding Russian term " SV " (" СВ " or " Spalnyi Vagon ", literally " Sleeping Car ").

Port Columbus International Airport, commonly shortened to Port Columbus, is a Class C international airport located east of downtown Columbus, Ohio, USA.

A Sergeant First Class is addressed as " sergeant " except in certain situations ; such as cannon artillery units, where a Sergeant First Class serving as Platoon Sergeant is commonly referred to as " Smoke.

The numerous DRB Class 50 ( 2-10-0 ) locomotives, for example, were capable of 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) in either direction, and were commonly used on branch lines without turning facilities.

Class 08s were commonly moved in this fashion at up to – overnight wagon-load trains being utilised if possible.

In Darjeeling district and Sikkim of India, Dewan is commonly used as a synonym of Yakkha, and as Dewans they are placed in the Other Backward Class category.

The Central Railroad of New Jersey, commonly known as the Jersey Central Lines or CNJ, was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s.

Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class is one of the works commonly associated with this group.

The railway has one 2-car DEMU, a 1957 " Hampshire " Class 205 unit, commonly known as a " Thumper ".

The Consolidated Rail Corporation, commonly known as Conrail, was the primary Class I railroad in the Northeast U. S. between 1976 and 1999.

Specifically, the five-axle tractor-semitrailer combination that is most commonly associated with the word " truck " requires a Class A CDL to drive.

While a year group or class in a school could be regarded as a simple example of an age set ( e. g. ' Class of 2004 '), the term is most commonly used to refer to systems in tribal societies.

The position is commonly held by a Sergeant Major or Master Gunnery Sergeant, but may also be held by a Sergeant First Class or Master Sergeant.

Sometimes ( but rarely, more commonly in the past ) a Class 150 DMU has been substituted.

For those requiring even more power, the L804 7. 2 litre marine V12, more commonly found in Class 1 offshore powerboats, could be specified.

The most commonly seen EMUs in recent years were Class 411, Class 421 and Class 423 units.