Class actions are commonly referred to as class action suits ; however, this phrase is redundant as the historical distinction between " actions " at law and " suits " in equity is no longer recognized.

Class actions may be brought in federal court if the claim arises under federal law, or if the claim falls under 28 USCA § 1332 ( d ).

The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 increases defendants ' ability to remove state cases to federal court by giving federal courts original jurisdiction for all class actions with damages exceeding $ 5, 000, 000, exclusive of interest and costs.

It should be noted, however, that the Class Action Fairness Act contains carve-outs for, ' inter alia ', shareholder class actions covered by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and those concerning internal corporate governance issues ( the latter typically being brought as shareholder derivative actions in the state courts of Delaware, the state of incorporation of most large corporations ).

The preamble to the Class Action Fairness Act stated that some abusive class actions harmed class members with legitimate claims and defendants that have acted responsibly ; adversely affected interstate commerce ; and undermined public respect for the country's judicial system.

Class members often receive little or no benefit from class actions.

Together with Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for actions he performed during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993.

On an aircraft carrier entering San Diego Harbor, Admiral Hammond, in the name of the Secretary of the Navy, awards Petty Officer Second Class Joseph Brady ( Gene Kelly ) and Seaman Clarence Doolittle ( Frank Sinatra ) Silver Stars for actions on the USS Knoxville.

Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who were awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class and 2nd Class respectively for their actions as pilots during World War II.

The naming is in honor and commemoration of U. S. Army Sergeant First Class Randall Shughart, a Medal of Honor recipient whose courageous actions in combat cost him his life during the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia, where he fought under Special Operations Command in October of 1993.

* 1942: As the United States Coast Guard is subsumed into the U. S. Navy in time of declared war, Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro received the Navy version of the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic actions during the Battle of Guadalcanal.

Wyden voted against the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, a Republican effort to restrict the number of class actions suits against businesses and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, a bipartisan change in bankruptcy law designed to make it more difficult to file for bankruptcy and to make those in bankruptcy pay more of their debts.

Inspired by the Stop the City actions of 1983 and 1984, Class War organised a number of ' Bash The Rich ' demonstrations, in which supporters were invited to march through and disrupt wealthier areas of London such as Kensington, and Henley-on-Thames ( during the annual Regatta ), bearing banners and placards with slogans such as " Behold your future executioners!

Both a Staff Sergeant and an Airman First Class stationed at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base had their pay reduced by $ 300 and $ 200 pay per month, respectively, for two months, when their actions resulted in a delayed launch and subsequent aircraft shutdown.

George Frederick Phillips, ( March 8, 1862 – June 4, 1904 ) was a U. S. Navy Machinist First Class who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Spanish-American War in 1899.

* Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry, Medal of Honor recipient for actions during a firefight in Afghanistan

Receiving the Medal of Honor in person: U. S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Ray Davis, in command of the 1st Battalion 7th Marines for his actions 1 through 4 December 1950, U. S. Marine Corps Captain William E. Barber, in command of Fox Company 2nd Battalion 7th Marines, for his actions during the period 28 November through 2 December 1950, U. S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Robert Kennemore, Company E, 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, for his actions during the period 27 and 28 November 1950, and U. S. Marine Corps Private First Class Hector A. Cafferata, Jr., Company F, 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, for his actions on 28 November 1950.

Before, it considered it as a " bourgeois " and " reactionary " activity, something which could be understood due to the social restrictions which weighted on the individual possibilities to take part in such actions: as economist Thorstein Veblen had put it in his Theory of the Leisure Class ( 1899 ), one first had to be a member of that " leisure class " to be able to take part in such activities.

* Class I agents have the most potent negative inotropic effect and may cause heart failure.

Class may refer to:

Class treatment may not improve the efficiency of a mass tort because the claims frequently involve individualized issues of law and fact that will have to be re-tried on an individual basis.

Normally, the only way to possess these is by being grandfathered in or inheriting a pistol with a barrel length under 4 inches, in which case the individual may receive the Class 7 endorsement.

A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time, and thus will need two radios.

" Although Marrow may have been using some artistic license in describing his bank robbing exploits, he also stated he was glad the United States justice system has a statute of limitations, which had likely expired when Marrow admitted to his involvement in multiple Class 1 Felonies in the early-to mid-1970s.

A Class 5 rapid may be categorized as Class 5. 1-5. 9.

A more efficient Class C amplifier may be used.

Attacks on Bryan were frequent and acidic: Life awarded him its " Brass Medal of the Fourth Class ," for having " successfully demonstrated by the alchemy of ignorance hot air may be transmuted into gold, and that the Bible is infallibly inspired except where it differs with him on the question of wine, women, and wealth.

Data went to Starfleet Academy from 2341 – 45 ( he describes himself as " Class of ' 78 " to Riker in " Encounter at Farpoint ", but that may refer to the stardate and not the year that he graduated ) and then served in Starfleet aboard the USS Trieste.

In general they are subject to Class 2 controls and hence require a 510 ( k ), though individual PACS components may be subject to less stringent general controls.

Class sizes in grades K-3 average 20 students, grades 4-8 average 30 students, but may have as many as 33.

For Class B1 games, only athletes with sport class B1 are permitted as players, with the exception of the goalkeepers and the guides, who may be class B2, B3, or sighted.

A sample of 437 people exposed to Class B sludge ( living within of sludged land )-and using a control group of 176 people not exposed to sludge ( not living within of sludged land ) reported the following: Although correlation does not imply causation, such extensive correlations may lead reasonable people to conclude that precaution is necessary in dealing with sludge and sludged farmlands.

" They further suggest that even Class A treated sludge may have chemical contaminants ( including heavy metals, such as lead ) or endotoxins present, and a precautionary approach may be justified on this basis, though the vast majority of incidents reported by Lewis, et al.

Residents living near Class B sludge processing sites may experience asthma or pulmonary distress due to bioaerosols released from sludge fields.

* Class 4: Whitewater, large waves, long rapids, rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed.

Venturers and Sea Scouts who attained First Class as a Boy Scout or Varsity Scout in a troop or team may continue working toward the Star, Life and Eagle Scout ranks, as well as Eagle Palms, while registered as a Venturer or Sea Scout up to their 18th birthday.

Class passing also figures into reality television programs such as Joe Millionaire: contestants are often immersed in displays of great material wealth, or may have to conceal their class status.

* Class 3: No sitting balance, although the upper part of the trunk may show activity. Normal arms, although some slight motor losses can be found in the playing hand without significant effect on table tennis skills. The non-playing arm keeps the trunk in position.

Most other estimates put a much lower figure on the proportion ( although it should be remembered that other estimates may not use the same definition of ' working class ' as Class War ).

Horizon Class, a business class service, was established to offer enhanced service to passengers.

As c2c is mainly a London commuter railway and the average c2c journey is between 40 to 70 minutes, c2c does not offer first-class seating, its Class 357s have standard high-density 3 + 2 Chapman seating to meet demand at peak times when the line is very busy.

In 1975, after Butlins Minehead holiday camp decided to modernise and refurbish, it was proposed to extract LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton, purchased by Billy Butlin in 1966 along with LB & SCR A1 class Knowle ( transported out by road ), under an offer made by British Railways.

Some trains offer a limited number business class seating at the front of the Café Car, instead of having a dedicated Business Class car.

Almost all Rajdhani trains offer three classes of accommodation: First Class AC with 2-or 4-berth lockable bedrooms, AC 2-tier with open berths ( bays of 4 berths + 2 berths on the other side of the corridor ) with curtains for privacy, and AC 3-tier ( bays of 6 berths + 2 berths on the side ) with curtains for privacy.

He did receive an offer from Gary Hart to go to World Class Championship Wrestling but the money was not good enough.

Some premium branded finished product manufacturers have started to specify their products as Class 0 or offer a Class 0 guarantee for an additional premium.

In the late 1990s power amplifiers in PA applications have became lighter, smaller, more powerful and more efficient due to increasing use of switching power supplies and Class D amplifiers, which offer significant weight and space savings as well as increased efficiency.

As part of the Remedial Plan Notice, First Great Western was required to achieve improvement milestones, to lease five more Class 150 units to allow three-car trains to be used on Portsmouth-Cardiff services, to undertake a much more extensive refurbishment of the Thames Turbo fleet, to offer 50 % higher compensation for the duration of the franchise, to offer 500, 000 more cheap tickets on off-peak services, and to improve station customer information systems.

While it is seen as a replacement for the earlier and more complex C ++ based Microsoft Foundation Class Library, it does not offer a paradigm comparable to Model – View – Controller.

All Answers claim to offer work of a quantifiable academic standard-2: 1 and 1st Class level-that is unpublished and scanned using university plagiarism detection software.

Under the act, tribes are limited to offer casino games that correspond to the existing level of gaming allowed under state law ; North Carolina was unique in permitting the Cherokee to establish a casino offering Class III gaming, well before the state allowed a lottery.

Tribal leaders wanted to be able to offer more than just bingo and other Class I forms of gambling, to attract large crowds.

Both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer Business Class on their domestic networks as well as on trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand.

On the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer Business Class on either its domestic or trans-Tasman network.

The seats were part of Spirit's former First Class offering, Spirit Plus, but now offer no benefits other than bigger seat pitch and a 2 by 2, rather than 3 by 3 arrangement.

Airlines such as Virgin Australia, Qantas, and Virgin Atlantic offer service more akin to Business Class in their Premium Economy cabins.

The proposed cities are Bangalore, Chennai, Mysore, Coimbatore, Secunderabad, Madurai, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Jallandhar, Lucknow, New Delhi, Bhubneshwar, Kolkata and Patna On the strength of this network RailTel will be able to offer not only Class 4 services but can further enhance its service portfolio by offering various value added services ( VAS ) like enterprise VoIP, etc.

Class periods were extended to 50 minutes in 2002, and in 2005, TKGS announced that it would be one of the first schools in Singapore to offer Drama as an examinable ' O ' Level subject.

In 1991 the DB first requested that the firms in Germany's railway industry offer designs for new high-performance all-purpose locomotives, using the program name Class 121.