First was the period of codification of existing law: the Code Napoleon in France and the peculiar codification that, in fact, resulted from Austin's restatement and ordering of the Common Law in England.

Category: Common law

Category: Common law

Common law offence

Category: Common law offences in England and Wales

Common law ( also known as case law or precedent ) is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals ( as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process or regulations issued by the executive branch ).

Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, Belize, and various Caribbean and African nations have adopted English common law through reception statutes although they do not inevitably continue to copy English Common Law ; later cases can often draw on decisions in other Common Law jurisdictions.

Common law decisions today reflect both precedent and policy judgment drawn from economics, the social sciences, business, decisions of foreign courts, and the like.

* Common law offences

Category: Common law

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Initially designed to run on AT & T Hobbit-based hardware, BeOS was later modified to run on PowerPC-based processors: first Be's own systems, later Apple Inc .' s PowerPC Reference Platform and Common Hardware Reference Platform, with the hope that Apple would purchase or license BeOS as a replacement for its then aging Mac OS.

Guyana and Saint Lucia have mixed Common Law and Civil Law systems.

Common examples of character encoding systems include Morse code, the Baudot code, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) and Unicode.

Common families include symmetric systems ( e. g. AES ) and asymmetric systems ( e. g. RSA ); they may alternatively be grouped according to the central algorithm used ( e. g. elliptic curve cryptography ).

Though Common Lisp is not as popular as some non-Lisp languages, many of its features have made their way into other, more widely used programming languages and systems ( see Greenspun's Tenth Rule ).

Most of the Lisp systems whose designs contributed to Common Lisp — such as ZetaLisp and Franz Lisp — used dynamically scoped variables in their interpreters and lexically scoped variables in their compilers.

; L: a small version of Common Lisp for embedded systems

; Lucid Common Lisp: a once popular Common Lisp implementation for UNIX systems

; Vax Common Lisp: Digital Equipment Corporation's implementation that ran on VAX systems running VMS or ULTRIX

* The CLiki, a Wiki for free and open source Common Lisp systems running on Unix-like systems.

Among the reasons given by those who oppose the use of Common Era notation is that it is selective as other aspects of the Western calendar have origins in various belief systems ( e. g., January is named for Janus ), Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE / CE to BC / AD.

* The. NET Framework is built on the Common Language Runtime, Microsoft's commercial implementation of the CLI for desktop and server systems, and also encompasses a large collection of programming frameworks and libraries.

Common to all deductive systems is the notion of a formal deduction.

The name KDE was intended as a wordplay on the existing Common Desktop Environment, available for Unix systems.

Kyoto Common Lisp ( KCL ) is an implementation of Common Lisp by T. Yuasa and M. Hagiya, written in C to run under Unix-like operating systems.

Common methods include the AAR wheel arrangement, UIC classification, and Whyte notation systems.

The operating systems were written in Lisp Machine Lisp, InterLisp ( Xerox ) and later partly in Common Lisp.

The most widely used implementations of syntactic macro systems are found in Lisp-like languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, ISLISP and Racket.

Common techniques used to improve the security of computer systems protected by a password include:

In 1995 it took on the development of the Motif toolkit and of the Common Desktop Environment for Unix systems.

It was in 1814 that Abraham Wharf and his sister sat by a meager fire in their house on Dogtown Common, a desolate place even then.

In the cool-temperate parts of its range, the Common Kestrel migrates south in winter ; otherwise it is sedentary, though juveniles may wander around in search for a good place to settle down as they become mature.

From these few references, which are the only surviving evidence apart from place name analysis, it would seem that the Balts Pytheas would have encountered were past the Common Balto-Slavic stage, but still spoke one language, which would have been Proto-Baltic.

It defined " Popish recusants " as those " convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf.

* Common pronouns and place names may be permitted.

An Act of Elizabeth's first parliament dissolved the refounded houses ; but although Elizabeth offered to allow the monks in Westminster to remain in place with restored pensions if they took the Oath of Supremacy and conformed to the new Book of Common Prayer, all refused and dispersed unpensioned.

More recently they have found a place in primary liturgical documents throughout the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England's Common Worship liturgy.

For example, Luraghi's Luwian branch begins with a root language, " Luwian Group ", which logically is in the place of Common Luwian or Proto-Luwian.

With water and railroad services in place, farming families of European immigrants were recruited, and the settlement was incorporated in 1913, with Ordinance No. 1 adopting and prescribing the style of a Common Seal on February 25, 1913.

Littleton Common is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the town of Littleton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

All are etymologically related to the Gaulish root * aballo-( as found in the place name Aballo / Aballone, now Avallon in Burgundy or in the Italian surname Avallone ) and are derived from a Common Celtic * abal-" apple ", which is related at the Proto-Indo-European level to English apple, Russian яблоко ( jabloko ), Latvian abele, et al.

William Blackstone later wrote that " if judgment of death be given by a judge not authorized by lawful commission, and execution is done accordingly, the judge is guilty of murder ; and upon this argument Sir Matthew Hale himself, though he accepted the place of a judge of the Common Pleas under Cromwell's government, yet declined to sit on the crown side at the assizes, and try prisoners, having very strong objections to the legality of the usurper's commission ".

Currently in English Common Law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences.

In Order One of the newer Common Worship liturgy, however, it is restored to its earlier place.

Common explained to the audience that the title " Finding Forever " represented his quest to find an eternal place in hip-hop and also his wishes to be an artist for the rest of his life.

Ending four months of litigation and political turmoil on August 20, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, while castigating the Luzerne Common Pleas Court for marking ( perforating ) the ballots in the first place, upheld an earlier lower court ruling and declared that all 60, 000 perforated ballots were valid, thereby certifying Pinchot as the winner of the May 20 Republican primary.

Although some research indicates that cricket was played before 1803 at the southern end of the Common near where the War Memorial is today, the first confirmed match took place on the Common in 1803.

Common usage is to take the identifier for each of the items of one document and place them in the left column.

Common reference to " katanduan " or " kasamdongan ", meaning a place where the tandu or the samdong tree thrives in abundance, led to the coining of the word Catanduanes.

* Graduate Common Room, a term for a postgraduate student organisation, sometimes used in collegiate universities in place of the more common MCR

St Bartholomew-the-Great is the Butchers ' adopted Church, and is where the Company's Annual Church Service takes place prior to Common Hall.

Generally, parents register their children up to two years in advance, in order to secure a place at age 13, through sitting a Common Entrance exam, or via the award of an open Academic Scholarship.

Culling has taken place to a limited extent in Alaska, where the population increase in Common Ravens is threatening the vulnerable Steller's Eider ( Polysticta stelleri ).