), celery ( Apium graveolens ), arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza ), poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ), sea holly ( Eryngium spp.

Precise identification before picking is very necessary due to its similar appearance to Hemlock ( Conium ), to which it is related.

** Hemlock ( Conium ), two species, one formerly used as a method of execution

Unlike poison hemlock ( Conium ), the species of Tsuga are not poisonous.

Conium comes from the Greek konas ( meaning to whirl ), in reference to vertigo, one of the symptoms of ingesting the plant.

Agonopterix ulicetella, a native of Europe, has been introduced to New Zealand and Hawaii in an attempt to control the European Gorse ( Ulex europaeus ), and the Defoliating Hemlock Moth ( Agonopterix alstroemeriana ) has been used against Conium maculatum poison hemlock in the USA.

Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species ( Conium, Heracleum, and others ), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty.

Bands included Socrates Drank The Conium ( anglophone progressive rock ), Exadahtylos ( political / satirical lyrics ), Pelóma Bokioú ( Santana-like Latin rock with Greek lyrics ), Poll ( folk with vocal harmonies, Greek lyrics ).

There has been some dispute whether it was a hemlock of the genus Cicuta or the genus Conium which was used in ancient Greece as state poison.

Conium ( or ) is a genus of two species of highly poisonous perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and the Mediterranean region as Conium maculatum, and to southern Africa as Conium chaerophylloides.

By far the more familiar species is Conium maculatum ( Hemlock or Poison Hemlock ).

Although many have questioned whether this is a factual account, careful attention to Plato's words, modern and ancient medicine, and other ancient Greek sources point to the above account being consistent with Conium poisoning.

Typical ingredients in alleged recipes include hemlock ( Conium spp.

* Conium, also known as poison hemlock

The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ).

Conium maculatum has been used as a sedative and in treatments for arthritis and asthma in addition to its most famous use: as a “ humane ” method of killing criminals and philosophers.

In Europe, Cicuta was not distinguished from the similar genus Conium before the year 1500.

The nicotine molecule contains both pyridine ( left ) and pyrrolidine rings ( right ).

However, they require compromises in borderline cases ; for example, nicotine contains a pyridine fragment from nicotinamide and pyrrolidine part from ornithine and therefore can be assigned to both classes.

The lubricative fluid contains water, pyridine, squalene, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid, complex alcohols and glycols, ketones, and aldehydes.

The resulting brew contains the powerful psychedelic drug DMT and MAO inhibiting harmala alkaloids, which are necessary to make the DMT orally active.

Chocolate contains alkaloids such as theobromine and phenethylamine, which have some physiological effects in humans, but the presence of theobromine renders it toxic to some animals, such as dogs and cats.

The Ayahuasca vine contains harmala alkaloids, highly active reversible inihibitors of monoamine oxidase A ( RIMAs ),< ref name =" BergströmWesterberg1997 "> rendering the DMT orally active by protecting it from deamination.

Because mandrake contains deliriant hallucinogenic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, scopolamine, apoatropine, hyoscyamine and the roots sometimes contain bifurcations causing them to resemble human figures, their roots have long been used in magic rituals, today also in neopagan religions such as Wicca and Germanic revivalism religions such as Odinism.

* tobacco ( contains nicotine and beta-carboline alkaloids ) – legal but regulated in most parts of the world and not consumed by members of some religions.

Authentic mate de coca contains very small amounts of cocaine and similar alkaloids.

* Comfrey, which contains alkaloids that can cause permanent liver damage with chronic use.

Laudanum contains almost all of the opium alkaloids, including morphine and codeine.

These synthetic opioids, along with codeine and morphine were preferable to laudanum since a single opioid could be prescribed for different types of pain rather than the " cocktail " of laudanum, which contains nearly all of the opium alkaloids.

Each mL contains 10 mg of anhydrous morphine ( the equivalent of 100 mg of powdered opium ), other opium alkaloids ( except noscapine ), and ethanol, 19 %.

The fruit is botanically classified as a berry and contains numerous small, soft seeds which are edible, but have a bitter taste because they contain nicotinoid alkaloids ; this is unsurprising as it is a close relative of tobacco.

The areca nut contains the tannins arecatannin and gallic acid ; a fixed oil gum ; a little terpineol ; lignin ; various saline substances ; and three main alkaloids — arecoline, arecaidine and guvacine — which all have vasoconstricting properties.

California poppy contains a different class of alkaloids:

They include a fungal parasite of barley, ergot, which contains the alkaloids lysergic acid amide ( LSA ), a precursor to LSD, and ergonovine.

Besides coca, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including methylecgonine cinnamate, benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine and hygrine.

Veratrum album, or white hellebore, an herbal medicine described by Hippocrates before 400 BC, contains the alkaloids cyclopamine and jervine, which are teratogens capable of causing cyclopia and holoprosencephaly.

Ragwort contains many different alkaloids, making it poisonous to animals.

Scientists and physicians agree that the use of Comfrey should be restricted to topical use, and should never be ingested, as it contains dangerous amounts of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids ( PAs ).

Since 1929, the beverage only contains trace amounts of cocaine alkaloids, not enough to have any effect.

Psilocybe is not deadly but contains the alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin, hence it is often sought for use as a recreational psychedelic drug.

Echium plantagineum contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is poisonous.

It contains harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, all of which are both beta-carboline harmala alkaloids and MAOIs.

The plant has a button shaped bulb, about 2 cm in diameter which contains poisonous alkaloids.

Milkweed is named for its milky juice, which contains alkaloids, latex, and several other complex compounds including cardenolides.

Cytisus scoparius contains toxic alkaloids that depress the heart and nervous system.