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Constantius ' success in rising from head of the Roman army to Imperial rank obviously influenced the actions of later holders of the patrician office, a list that includes Flavius Aëtius and Ricimer ; however, only Petronius Maximus ever made the same leap, and his reign was even shorter than that of Constantius.
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Constantius and rising
In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status, Constantius divorced Helena some time before 289, when he married Theodora, Maximian's daughter.
Constantius and from
He came from Antioch and served under Constantius II and was probably appointed to ensure that nobody with western associations was serving in Britain during a time of mistrust, rebellion and suppression symbolised by the brutal acts of the imperial notary Paulus Catena.
A bust of Emperor Constantius II from Syria. Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes.
Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again.
Athanasius went into hiding in the desert with the Desert Fathers, and continued in his capacity as bishop from there until the death of Constantius II in 361.
The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.
* Constantius II ( 317 – 361 ), Roman Emperor from 337 to 361
Constantius II (; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361 ), was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361.
Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from left to right, the territories of Constantine II ( emperor ) | Constantine II, Constans I, Dalmatius and Constantius II.
Soon after his father's death Constantius is supposed to have ordered a massacre of his relatives descended from the second marriage of his paternal grandfather Constantius Chlorus, though the details are unclear.
While Constantius was away from the eastern frontier in early 337, Shapur assembled a large army, including war elephants, and launched an attack on Roman territory, laying waste to Mesopotamia and putting Nisibis under siege.
When Constantius learned of Shapur's withdrawal from Roman territory, he prepared his army for a counter-attack, drilling them and upgrading the equipment of his cataphracts.
Vetranio immediately sent letters to Constantius pledging his loyalty, which Constantius may have accepted simply in order to stop Magnentius from gaining more support.
Constantius spent the next few years overseeing affairs in the western part of the empire primarily from his base at Mediolanum.
In the winter of 357 – 8, Constantius received ambassadors from Shapur II who demanded that Rome restore the lands surrendered by Narseh.
However, when Constantius requested reinforcements from Julian ’ s army for the eastern campaign, the Gallic legions revolted and proclaimed Julian Augustus.
Second, to Eusebia, a woman of Macedonian origin from the city of Thessaloniki, whom Constantius married before his defeat of Magnentius in 353.
A later edict issued by Constantius after becoming sole emperor decreed that a person who was proven to have converted from Christianity to Judaism would have their entire property confiscated by the state.
* DiMaio, M., and Frakes, R., ' DIR-Constantius II ' from De Imperatoribus Romanis " Constantius II ,".
Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from left to right, the territories of Constantine II ( emperor ) | Constantine II, Constans, Dalmatius and Constantius II.
Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from left to right, the territories of Constantine II, Constans I, Dalmatius and Constantius II.
Cyril was caught when a dancer was seen wearing a coat that contained gold thread: a direct gift from the emperor Constantius.
Cyril was exiled from Jerusalem until 359 when imperial authority placed him back as Bishop after Cyril was able to plead his case to Emperor Constantius, referencing the multitude of people who were starving and he was able to feed with the money he made from the sale.
Constantius and head
The head of the emperor ( originally Hadrian ) has been reworked in all medallions: on the north side, into Constantine in the hunting scenes and into Licinius or Constantius I in the sacrifice scenes ; on the south side, vice versa.
Constantius and Roman
The Roman Emperors Constantius II ( 337 – 361 ) and Valens ( 364 – 378 ) were Arians or Semi-Arians.
However, to minimize the extent of the movement ignores the facts that at least two Roman emperors, Constantius II and Valens, became Arians, as did prominent Gothic, Vandal and Lombard warlords both before and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
* 317 – Constantius II, Roman emperor ( d. 361 )
* 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.
In May 357 the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius.
Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius ' banishment in 338.
The defeat of Magnentius in 353 left Constantius as sole Roman Emperor.
As a result of Constantius ' rejection of his terms, Shapur II launched another invasion of Roman Mesopotamia.
Constantius seems to have had a particular interest in the religious state of the Roman Empire.
As a Christian Roman Emperor, Constantius made a concerted effort to promote Christianity at the expense of Roman polytheism (‘ paganism ’).
In spite of the some of the edicts issued by Constantius, it should be recognised that he was not fanatically anti-pagan – he never made any attempt to disband the various Roman priestly colleges or the Vestal Virgins, he never acted against the various pagan schools, and, at times, he actually made some effort to protect paganism.
:* The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II ( in Greek ).
* This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantius II relating to Christianity.
With Constantine ’ s death in 337, Constans and his two brothers, Constantine II and Constantius II divided the Roman world between themselves, after first deposing of virtually all of the relatives of their father who could possibly have a claim on the throne.
He was so influential that even after his death, Constantius II heeded his and Eudoxus of Constantinople's advice to attempt to convert the Roman Empire to Arianism by creating Arian Councils and official Arian Doctrines.
Constantius and army
Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II ( and possibly Julian the Apostate ) in Gaul and Persia.
He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.
The following year, Constantius clashed with Magnentius in Pannonia with a large army.
In February 360, Constantius II ordered more than half of Julian's Gallic troops to his eastern army, the orders by-passing Julian and going directly to the military commanders.
According to the historian Zosimus, the army officers were those responsible for distributing an anonymous tract expressing complaints against Constantius as well as fearing for Julian's ultimate fate.
* Emperor Constantius II invades northern Italy in pursuit of usurper Magnus Magnentius, who withdraws with his army to Gaul.
Constantius marches West with a large army ( 60, 000 men ) to fight against Magnus Magnentius.
Constantius accept the new emperor and sends him money to raise an army.
* Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Emperor Constantius II is barely victorious at the strongly fortified city of Singara ( Mesopotamia ).
As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor ; consequently Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York.
Constantius II, older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army.
Barbatio complained to Constantius and the debacle was blamed on Valentinian and Bainobaudes, who were cashiered from the army.
The able general having been disposed of, Constantius besieged the city for three months until the general of Constantine, Edobichus, who had been sent across the border to find allies, did return with a large army of Franks and Alamanni.
However, in Constantius ' lifetime tribune had acquired a looser definition, and often was used to indicate any military officer, whether part of the Imperial army or part of a town militia.
Despite Magnentius ' efforts to gain Vetranio to his cause, the old general reached Constantius with his army, and resigned the crown.
Ammianus Marcellinus, a noted Roman historian and general who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia and fought against the Sassanid army under Julian the Apostate, described the sight of a contingent of massed Persian cataphracts in the 4th century:
With the re-organization of the Roman Army ( Constantius I Chlorus ), the legions guarding the border lost their importance to the comitatus, the main, cavalry-based army behind the limes.
Constantius first seemed to accept the new Emperor and sent him money to raise an army, as well as his regalia.
He defeated Constantine and was besieging him in Arelate when Constantius III arrived from Italy with an army ( possibly, mainly of Hun mercenaries ) loyal to Honorius.
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