However, there is no evidence that his son and ultimate successor, Constantius II, who was an Arian Christian, was exiled.

After Constantius ' death in 361, his successor Julian the Apostate, a devotee of Rome's pagan gods, declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another, and allowed all exiled bishops to return ; this had the objective of further increasing dissension among Christians.

When Ursicinus lost his office and the favour of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall ; but under Julian, Constantius's successor, he regained his position.

Ultimately, no battle ever took place as Constantius became ill and died late in 361, though not before naming his opponent as his successor.

Apparently, realising his death was near, Constantius had himself baptised by Euzoius, the Semi-Arian bishop of Antioch, and then declared that Julian was his rightful successor.

However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, naming Julian as his rightful successor.

Civil war was avoided only by the death on November 3 of Constantius, who, in his last will, recognized Julian as his rightful successor.

* 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.

* November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44, on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian the Apostate rightful successor.

As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor ; consequently Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York.

Maximian's subordinate, Constantius, campaigned against Carausius ' successor, Allectus, while Maximian held the Rhine frontier.

In April 307, he attempted to depose his son, but failed and fled to the court of Constantius ' successor, Constantine ( who was both Maximian's step-grandson and also his son-in-law ), in Trier.

With the death of Ataulf and his successor Segeric, that same year Constantius signed a treaty with the new Visigothic king Wallia: in exchange of 600, 000 bushels of wheat and the territory of the region of Aquitaine, from the Pyrenees to the Garonne, the Visigoths pledged to fight on behalf of the Romans, as allies official or vassal state of the Empire ( foederati ), the Vandals, Alans and Suebi who in 407 had crossed the Rhine River and were stationed in the provinces of Hispania.

In the legend Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the Roman senator Constantius Chlorus, who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador and was named as Cole's successor.

Constantius married Coel's daughter, Helena, and crowned himself as Coel's successor.

Prior to this date, Constantius II ( 337-361 ) and Valens ( 364-378 ) had personally favored Arian or Semi-Arian forms of Christianity, but Valens ' successor Theodosius I supported the Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the Nicene Creed from the 1st Council of Nicea.

* 361 – Constantius dies of illness, naming Julian his successor.

Nevertheless, as Ammianus Marcellinus recounts, Constantine's successor, Constantius, had to sent in 360 embassies with costly presents to Arsaces of Armenia and Meribanes of Iberia to secure their allegiance during the confrontation with Iran.

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Paulus was condemned to death by the Frank Arbitio at the Chalcedon tribunal under Constantius ' successor, Julian the Apostate, in late 361, or early 362.

The church was unfinished when Constantine died in 337, and it was brought to completion by his son and successor Constantius II, who buried his father's remains there.

The grounds of the first church of the Holy Apostles contained both a rotunda mausoleum built by Constantine and a church built soon afterward by his successor Constantius.

After Constantine's death, his son and successor Constantius II was an Arian, as was Emperor Valens.

Constantine's son Constantius II, who had become Emperor of the eastern part of the Empire, actually encouraged the Arians and set out to reverse the Nicene creed.

He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Claudius Silvanus, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul.

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

In May 357 the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius.

In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, the popular St Athanasius now had the opportunity to return to his patriarchate.

The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.

In 351, as a consequence of the difficulty of managing the entire empire alone, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus, the eldest surviving son of Constantius ' half-uncle, Julius Constantius, to the subordinate rank of Caesar, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his cousin's violent and corrupt nature.

Before facing Magnentius, Constantius first came to terms with Vetranio, a loyal general in Illyricum who had recently been acclaimed emperor by his soldiers.

In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving some disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin Gallus.

Silvanus had surrendered to Constantius after the Battle of Mursa Major.

Constantius had made him magister militum in 353, with the purpose of blocking the German threats, a feat that Silvanus achieved by bribing the German tribes with the money he had collected.

In 360, when news reached Constantius that Shapur II had destroyed Singara, and taken Kiphas ( Hasankeyf ),

Constantius had already spent part of early 361 unsuccessfully attempting to re-take the fortress of Ad Tigris.

Constantius seems to have had a particular interest in the religious state of the Roman Empire.

It is possible that Flavius Constantius, the governor of Dalmatia and Diocletian's associate in the household guard, had already defected to Diocletian in the early spring.

Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius ' troops had returned to Italy, Jovinus revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the Gallic nobility.

The province's defences had been rebuilt in the preceding years, and although his health was poor Constantius wished to penetrate into enemy territory.

Those of a different belief had to recognize that the process of consolidation, which imperial legislation had effected from the time of Constantius II, would now vigorously continue.

In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars ( one responsible to each Augustus ) — Galerius and Constantius Chlorus.