Containerization revolutionized ship transport in the 1960s.

Containerization is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal containers ( also " shipping containers ", " ISO containers " etc .).

Containerization for transport has spurred the use of pallets because the shipping containers have the smooth, level surfaces needed for easy pallet movement.

Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport cargo transport using standard shipping containers ( also known as ' ISO containers ' or ' isotainers ') that can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks.

Containerization has its origins in early coal mining regions in England from the late 18th century on.

Containerization greatly reduced the expense of international trade and increased its speed, especially of consumer goods and commodities.

Containerization of freight, the advent of supermarkets which changed the distribution pattern for meat, dairy and produce from a local-or regionally-based system to a more national one, the development of frozen foods and refrigerated trucks to deliver them, were all factors, but meatpacking continued to be the major activity in the neighborhood through the 1970s.

Containerization spread to other routes, including the Australia route, with NYK and Yamashita-Shinnihon Steamship Co., in 1970 ; the North Pacific route, with five other Japanese companies, in 1971 ; and the Europe route, as part of the TRIO Group consisting of MOL, Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Orient Overseas Container Line, Ben Line, and Hapag-Lloyd, in 1971.

Containerization makes freight trains far less accessible than in the past.

Containerization increased on routes between industrially advanced and developing countries, and huge investment was needed to finance this expansion.

Containerization has revolutionized cargo shipping.

Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile ( for a given engine power ), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go-for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank.

The adiabatic combustion temperature ( also known as the adiabatic flame temperature ) increases for higher heating values and inlet air and fuel temperatures and for stoichiometric air ratios approaching one.

When in contact with one of the electrodes in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the rate of oxygen reduction to water, either to hydroxide or hydrogen peroxide.

This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.

If water is evaporated too quickly, the membrane dries, resistance across it increases, and eventually it will crack, creating a gas " short circuit " where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly, generating heat that will damage the fuel cell.

During the compression process, pressure, temperature and the density of the fuel mixture increases.

These clearances allow ATC to optimize the arrival of aircraft at major airports, which increases airport capacity, and uses less fuel providing monetary and environmental benefits to airlines and the public at large respectively.

As the pressure within a cylinder increases, the temperature rises ; and if there is only a single plug, the unburnt fuel away from the original flame front can self-ignite, producing a separate unsynchronized flame front.

Once the mass of fuel is prompt supercritical, the power increases exponentially.

All else being equal, engines with greater capacities are more powerful and provide greater torque at lower speed ( rpm ) and consumption of fuel increases accordingly, although power and fuel consumption are affected by many factors outside of engine displacement.

With the 50 % increase in cargo weight, the fuel efficiency increases with an average of 20 % with a corresponding relative decrease in carbon emissions and with the added benefit of one third fewer trucks on the road.

This reduces the amount of reaction mass or fuel required, but increases the amount of specific power required compared to chemical rockets.

When the throttle is rapidly opened, airflow through the carburetor increases immediately, faster than the fuel flow rate can increase.

( Wooden Boat Forum ) During the war, both Elco and Higgins came up with stepped hull designs which achieved significant increases in top speed, (" ElcoPlane " & " Higgins Hellcat ") but the Navy rejected them for full production due to their increased fuel consumption and other considerations.

In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature.

Following the dramatic OPEC ( Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ) price increases of the mid-nineteen seventies, operations were constrained by rising fuel costs.

This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations.

Among the suggestions were pay cuts for higher-paid public-sector officials, including a 30 % salary reduction for Toledo himself, a 5 % across-the-board cut for all agencies and ministries, tax increases on beer, cigarettes and fuel, and an extension of the 18 % sales and value-added tax to, among other things, long-distance bus journeys and live entertainment.

Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution, and fuel consumption.

South African Airways are expected to update their fleet from 2014 with more fuel efficient planes and have asked all pilots to hold on to their wage increases.

The major advantages claimed for ISI include increases in domestic employment ( reducing dependence on labour non-intensive industries such as raw resource extraction and export ); resilience in the face of a global economic shocks ( such as recessions and depressions ); less long-distance transportation of goods ( and concomitant fuel consumption and greenhouse gas and other emissions ).

This makes it necessary to enrich the uranium fuel, which increases the costs of fuel production.

In total, these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures, such as reduced numbers of units and installations, smaller inventories of major equipment, and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces.

The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 increases defendants ' ability to remove state cases to federal court by giving federal courts original jurisdiction for all class actions with damages exceeding $ 5, 000, 000, exclusive of interest and costs.

The public access application did not succeed, since public cellular networks rapidly out-competed DECT by coupling their ubiquitous coverage with large increases in capacity and continuously falling costs.

First, it increases production costs and, therefore, reduces competitiveness, particularly in the mining and forestry sectors.

Since each firm has large initial costs, as the firm gains market share and increases its output the fixed cost ( what they initially invested ) is divided among a larger number of customers.

As the number of buyers and sellers on an exchange increases, liquidity increases, and transaction costs decrease.

Critics charge that the requiring manufacturers to internalize costs they would otherwise externalize increases the price of goods.

Merely launching a large total quantity reduces the manufacturing costs per vehicle, similar to how the mass production of automobiles brought about great increases in affordability.

The ability for one person to veto the construction drastically increases the transaction costs for such projects.

* First-pass success – As die sizes shrink ( due to scaling ), and wafer sizes go up ( to lower manufacturing costs ), the number of dies per wafer increases, and the complexity of making suitable photomasks goes up rapidly.

Failure to report emissions and surrender emission permits is often punishable by a further government regulatory mechanism, such as a fine that increases costs of production.

Other factors in the prolongation of the Great Depression include trade wars and the reduction in international trade caused by trade barriers such as Smoot-Hawley Tarriff in the US and the Imperial Preference policies of Great Britain, the failure of central banks to act responsibly, government policies designed to prevent wages from falling, such as the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931, during the deflationary period resulting in production costs dropping slower then sales prices and thereby injuring business profitability and increases in taxes to reduce budget deficits and to support new programs such as Social Security.

Proponents have argued that outpatient commitment improves mental health, increases the effectiveness of treatment, and reduces costs.

This increases generation and transmission costs.

This increases the speed and capacity of the link, which in turn reduces both unit and total costs.

A counterforce weapon requires a much more accurate warhead than a countervalue weapon, as it must be guaranteed to detonate very close to its target, which drastically increases relative costs.

While this technological tendency keeps manufacturing costs lower, the need for long-distance transportation often increases the environmental impact.

This is believed to have developed because it increases the survival of the infant and reduces the metabolic costs on the female.

For example, railroad wheels have little traction, and friction brakes without an anti-skid mechanism often lead to skids, which increases maintenance costs and leads to a " thump thump " feeling for riders inside.

As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $ 50, 000 to complete the film.

In the early 21st century, housing and population increases were due to rising land costs in the metropolitan area, causing Lakeville to become a boomtown.

According to Hummel, costs for building projects coupled with salaries, transportation costs and increased charges for energy, will mean continued property tax increases.