Cosmic rays are particles traveling through space with high energies.

Cosmic rays and solar flares create a lethal radiation environment in space.

Category: Cosmic rays

Cosmic rays are energetic particles, originating in outer space.

Cosmic rays can have energies of over 10 < sup > 20 </ sup > eV, far higher than the 10 < sup > 12 </ sup > to 10 < sup > 13 </ sup > eV that Terrestrial particle accelerators can produce.

Cosmic rays compose a part of natural background radiation on Earth, averaging about 10-15 % of it.

Cosmic rays may broadly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary.

Cosmic rays impacting other planetary bodies in the Solar System are detected indirectly by observing high energy gamma ray emissions by gamma-ray telescope.

Cosmic rays can also be detected directly by particle detectors aboard satellites or high altitude balloons.

Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high energy primary cosmic rays by the techniques of " density sampling " and " fast timing " of extensive air showers were first carried out in 1954 by members of the Rossi Cosmic Ray Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clark et al., Phys.

Cosmic rays ionize the nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, which leads to a number of chemical reactions.

Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes in the Earth ’ s atmosphere, such as carbon-14, via the reaction:

Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant ( 70 tons ) for at least the past 100, 000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s.

Cosmic rays constitute a fraction of the annual radiation exposure of human beings on the Earth, averaging 0. 39 mSv out of a total of 3 mSv per year ( 13 % of total background ) for the Earth's population.

Cosmic rays continue to produce new elements on Earth by the same cosmogenic processes discussed above that produced primordial beryllium and boron.

* Anton 314 omnidirectional Geiger-Müller tube, designed by Dr. George Ludwig of Iowa's Cosmic Ray Laboratory, to detect cosmic rays.

Cosmic rays at the top of the atmosphere shatter atmospheric atoms and create lower energy, but still harmful, radiation particles which penetrate deep into the atmosphere.

Cosmic rays do not reach the Earth's surface due to the shielding of the Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere.

In July 2007, during the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference in Mérida, Yucatán, México, the High Resolution Fly's Eye Experiment ( HiRes ) and the Auger International Collaboration presented their results on ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

Category: Cosmic rays

Cosmic rays are potentially lethal in high quantities.

The exploding double layer was also suggested by Alfvén as a possible mechanism for the generation of cosmic rays ,< ref > Hannes Alfvén, Cosmic plasma.

Cosmic rays consisting of very high energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.

Category: Cosmic rays

The mystical psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke distinguished between three types of consciousness: Simple Consciousness, awareness of the body, possessed by many animals ; Self Consciousness, awareness of being aware, possessed only by humans ; and Cosmic Consciousness, awareness of the life and order of the universe, possessed only by humans who are enlightened.

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic inflation as well as various other competing theories, and are available in detail at NASA's data bank for Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) ( see links below ).

Cosmic censorship is not merely a problem of formal interest ; some form of it is assumed whenever black hole event horizons are mentioned.

After the Big Bang, the universe, for a time, was remarkably homogeneous, as can be observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background or CMB ( the fluctuations of which are less than one part in one hundred thousand ).

Cosmic noise characteristics are similar to those of thermal noise.

Cosmic noise is experienced at frequencies above about 15 MHz when highly directional antennas are pointed toward the sun or to certain other regions of the sky such as the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated:

* In the Cosmic Era works, Gundams are mobile suits that carry a specific type of operating system, first secretly produced ( without the programmer himself knowing what he is programming the system for ) by the one of the protagonist's robotics research group, and faced a few upgrades by various factions throughout the story.

The Scarifyers: The Devil of Denge Marsh, by Paul Morris, is a light-hearted radio play ( on CD as a Cosmic Hobo publication, 2007 ) whose heroes ( played by Nicholas Courtney and Terry Molloy ) are engaged in foiling the return of this watery timeless horror and thwarting the intentions of its mysterious ( and sometimes bizarre ) human acolytes.

It may be said, in general, that the majority of the sacred and ritual trees that we meet with in the history of religions are only replicas, imperfect copies of this exemplary archetype, the Cosmic Tree.

At the end, the villains are taken back to the future by Brainiac 5, Dream Woman, Cosmic Man, Chameleon Man, Matter-Eater Man, Lightning Man, and Saturn Woman.

Cosmic dust is widely present in space, where gas and dust clouds are primary precursors for planetary systems.

While astronomers are confident of the velocity of the LS, which has been measured against the Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ), the nature of what is causing it remains poorly understood.

Of her works on magical subjects, the best remembered of her books are ; The Cosmic Doctrine, a summation of her basic teachings on mysticism, Psychic Self-Defense, a manual on how to protect oneself from psychic attacks and The Mystical Qabalah, an introduction to Hermetic Qabalah which was first published in England in 1935, and is regarded by many occultists as one of the best books on magic ever written.

For example, we can only observe one Cosmic Microwave Background, so the measured positions of the peaks in the Cosmic Microwave Background spectrum, integrated over the visible sky, are limited by the fact that only one spectrum is observable from Earth.

Cosmic ray spallation ( fragmentation ) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.

Cosmic ray spallation after the Big Bang is thought to be responsible for the abundance in the universe of some light elements such as lithium, beryllium, and boron.