In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector under England's and later Britain's first written constitution Instrument of Government and then under the second and last written constitution known as the Humble Petition and Advice.

The Commonwealth ( 1649 – 53 ) was founded on the execution of Charles I in 1649, and was followed by the two Protectorates of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 – 58 ), and his son Richard Cromwell the first ( 1658 – 59 ).

* 1656-In a letter to Councillor General Montagu ( afterwards Earl of Sandwich ), General-at-sea and one of the Protector's personal friends, Cromwell mentioned the necessity of securing a permanent base at the entry of the Mediterranean, preferably Gibraltar ( the first suggestion for the occupation of Gibraltar as a naval base had been made at an English Council of War held at sea on 20 October 1625 ).

Regular attendees at his famed soirées included Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy, Joan Crawford and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart, Claudette Colbert, Marlene Dietrich, Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh, actor Richard Cromwell, Stanley Holloway, Judy Garland, Gene Tierney, Noël Coward, Cole Porter, director James Whale, costume designer Edith Head, and Norma Shearer, especially after the death of her first husband, Irving Thalberg.

When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour.

In English the word first came to prominence during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.

James Cromwell was cast as Zefram Cochrane, the pilot and creator of Earth's first warp capable vessel.

Although the character was written with Cromwell in mind, Tom Hanks, a big fan of Star Trek, was approached for the role by Paramount first, but he had already committed to the film That Thing You Do!

* March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes first appearance in the English Parliament as Member for Huntingdon.

Another legend claims that following the Navigation Acts ( an ordinance by Oliver Cromwell requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to dip their flag in salute ) the Wilhelmus was sung ( or rather, shouted ) by the sailors on the Dutch flagship Brederode in response to the first warning shot fired by an English fleet under Robert Blake, when their captain Maarten Tromp refused to lower his flag.

* December 16 – Instrument of Government in England: The world's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State.

The opening of the play was also changed, with Thomas Cromwell telling Henry VIII the outcome of the trial and Henry then recalling his marriage to Anne, rather than Anne speaking first and then Henry remembering in flashback.

After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's chances of regaining the Crown at first seemed slim as Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard.

With their line-up complete, the unnamed band played their first gig at the Cromwell pub in Wellingborough on New Year's Eve 1978.

The first recorded use of the golden goal rule was during the final of the Cromwell Cup, the world's second ever football competition, at Bramall Lane, Sheffield in 1868, although the term golden goal was not used.

Cromwell again put forward his plan for a political union between the two nations, but this was rejected by the States-General on 21 October, so emphatically that now for the first time Cromwell came to understand that the Dutch hadn't the slightest inclination to join the Commonwealth.

Sir Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538 ; he had been corresponding with Reginald, and the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter ( Henry VIII's first cousin and the Countess ' second cousin ) had turned up his name ; he had appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated.

Born in a log cabin near Delaware, Ohio, Fairbanks's ancestry traced back to Puritan followers of Oliver Cromwell, with Jonathan Fayerbankes the first family member to reach America in 1632.

Nor was it insignificant that Cromwell and Henry, from 1534 onwards, were constantly seeking for ways to redirect ecclesiastical income to the benefit of the Crown – efforts they justified by contending that much ecclesiastical revenue had been improperly diverted from royal resources in the first place.

Her first major work, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was Mary, Queen of Scots ( 1969 ), which was followed by several other biographies, including Cromwell, Our Chief of Men ( 1973 ).

His first case was in the Court of King's Bench in 1581, and was known as Lord Cromwell's Case after the claimant, Lord Henry Cromwell, a landlord in Coke's home county of Norfolk.

The inscription comes from two coins, the first part from the Queen Ann Farthing, and the second part from the Cromwell Broad.

When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly.

In the wake of the 101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion's 2nd Company's attack on Point 213, A Squadron 4CLY mustered nine operational tanks including two Fireflys and a Cromwell OP tank, although some were without their full complement of crew.

In 1296 William Wallace mustered forces on the moor in a campaign that led to the Battle of Dunbar, and in 1650 the moor was the supposed scene of a secret meeting between Oliver Cromwell and Scottish leaders.

Major-General Thomas Harrison, who had commanded the troop which aided Oliver Cromwell in dissolving the Rump, suggested that there be a ruling body based upon the Old Testament Sanhedrin of 70 selected " Saints ", which was based on his beliefs, as a Fifth Monarchist, that the rule of the Saints would usher in the reign of Christ on Earth.

By August, in preparation for the 6th Airborne Division's participation in the planned breakout from the Normandy bridgehead, the majority of Tetrarchs in ' A ' Squadron were replaced with Cromwell fast cruiser tanks ; only three Tetrarchs were retained, remaining with the Headquarters troop of ' A ' Squadron.

Until the Challenger was available, one Firefly would be issued to each Cromwell troop ( giving three Cromwells and one Sherman Firefly ); but this was unsatisfactory due to the different maintenance requirements and associated supply complication of two tank models, as well as the performance difference between Cromwell and Sherman.

The same distribution occurred in Cromwell units, but this caused logistical problems, as each Cromwell troop now needed to be supplied with parts for two different tanks, and the Fireflies were slowly replaced by Challenger tanks as they came out.

Fireflies were deployed as one tank per troop of Cromwell or Sherman tanks.

After a confused fight lasting two hours, Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell routed the Royalist cavalry from the field and annihilated the remaining Royalist infantry.

One of their cavalry commanders was Oliver Cromwell.

Fairfax was eager to engage them, and held a council of war, during which Oliver Cromwell, who had recently been re-appointed Lieutenant General, arrived with some cavalry reinforcements.

At the last minute, as the Royalists began to advance, Cromwell sent a regiment of dragoons under Colonel John Okey into the Sulby Hedges, where they could fire into the flank of Rupert's cavalry.

Although Oliver Cromwell ( who was the Member of Parliament for Cambridge ) handed over his command of the Army's cavalry when the Ordinance was enacted, Fairfax requested his services when another officer ( Colonel Bartholomew Vermuyden ) wished to emigrate.

Cromwell and his son-in-law Henry Ireton ( the New Model Army's Commissary General, or second in command of the cavalry ) were two of the only four exceptions to the Self-denying Ordinance, the other two being local commanders in Cheshire and North Wales.

Oliver Cromwell, who arrived too late in the day to take part in the battle, later wrote disparagingly to John Hampden, " Your troopers are most of them old decayed servingmen and tapsters ; and their Royalists troopers are gentlemen's sons, younger sons and persons of quality ...." Not only were the Parliamentarian cavalry not so naturally accustomed to mounted action, but they were drilled in the Dutch tactic of firing pistols and carbines from the saddle, whereas under Rupert, the Royalist cavalry would charge sword in hand, relying on shock and weight.

As Sir Thomas's cavalry were of little use in a siege, they were ferried across the Humber to reinforce Parliamentarian cavalry from the Eastern Association of counties, commanded by Oliver Cromwell.

The Earl of Manchester, Edward Montagu, was given charge of the Eastern Association, where Cromwell served under him as a cavalry officer.

Holmes quotes with approval John Terraine ’ s verdict that French was the most distinguished English cavalry leader since Cromwell, and argues that although he did not achieve victory, his personality inspired the BEF in 1914, a fact acknowledged even by Robertson, marred by his “ undisciplined intellect and mercurial personality ”.

According to local legend Cromwell ’ s cavalry was billeted in the village.

* Ironside ( cavalry ), a cavalry trooper in the army formed by Oliver Cromwell

The Ironsides were troopers in the Parliamentarian cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century, during the English Civil War.

Leslie was second in command of the Scottish armies who were sent to fight for the English Parliament from 1644 and had won the day at the critical Battle of Marston Moor, west of York, for a wounded Oliver Cromwell, leading a cavalry charge that defeated the Royalist Cavaliers.

On 18 September, part of the cavalry in Hull was ferried over to Barton, and the rest under Sir Thomas Fairfax went by sea to Saltfleet a few days later, the whole joining Cromwell near Spilsby.

On 11 October, Cromwell and Fairfax together won a brilliant cavalry action at the Battle of Winceby, driving the Royalist horse in confusion before them to Newark.

An attempt at pursuit was made by Waller and Cromwell, with all the cavalry they could lay hands on.

Riding thence to Witney, Cromwell won another cavalry fight at Bampton-in-the-Bush on the 27th, and attacked Faringdon House, though without success, on 29 April.

Cromwell, just appointed lieutenant-general of the New Model, had ridden into camp on the morning of the 13th with fresh cavalry from the eastern counties, Colonel Rossiter came up with more from Lincolnshire on the morning of the battle, and it was with an incontestable superiority of numbers and an overwhelming moral advantage that Fairfax fought at Naseby on 14 June.

The cavalry of the New Model, led by Cromwell himself, swept in pursuit right up to the gates of Bridgwater, where Goring's army, dismayed and on the point of collapse, was more or less rallied.