The Global Digital Currency Association ( GDCA ), which was founded in 2002, is a non-profit association of online currency operators, exchangers, merchants and users.

Since the enactment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1989 ( FDICIA ), all commercial banks that accept deposits are required to obtain FDIC insurance and to have a primary federal regulator ( the Fed for state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System, the FDIC for " nonmember " state banks, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for all National Banks ).

The Reserve Bank Act 1959 and Currency Act 1965 establish that it is not legally required to accept legal tender, even for an existing debt, although failure to do so may be prejudicial in future legal proceedings.

In 1868 Garfield gave his noted two-hour " Currency " speech in the House, which was widely applauded as his best oratory yet ; in it he advocated a gradual resumption of specie payment.

# FinCEN Form 104 Currency Transaction Report ( CTR ): A CTR must be filed for each deposit, withdrawal, exchange of currency, or other payment or transfer, by, through or to a financial institution, which involves a transaction in currency of more than $ 10, 000.

The Decimal Currency Act, 1970 governed legal tender prior to the adoption of the euro and laid down the analogous provisions as in United Kingdom legislation ( all inherited from previous British law ), namely: coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 10 pounds, coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 5 pounds, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.

Dynamic Currency Conversion ( DCC ) or Cardholder Preferred Currency ( CPC ) is a financial service in which holders of credit cards have the cost of a transaction converted to their local currency when making a payment in a foreign currency.

In June 1990, Major suggested that the proposed Single European Currency should be a " hard ecu ", competing for use against existing national currencies ; this idea was not in the end adopted.

They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U. S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks.

The Comptroller of the Currency continues to have significance in the U. S. economy and is responsible for administration and supervision of national banks as well as certain activities of bank subsidiaries ( per the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 ).

February, 1920: Document compiled under the direction of the Comptroller of the Currency for the use of the Senate, providing dates of acts relating to national banks, 1863-1920, text of the acts and amendments, and indexes.

The act proposed that this emergency currency had to go through a process of approval by the officers of these national currency associations, and then once approved were distributed by the Comptroller of the Currency.

Other provisions of the 1933 Banking Act that remain in effect include ( 1 ) Sections 5 ( c ) and 27, which required state member banks to provide the Federal Reserve Board and national banks to provide the Comptroller of the Currency reports on their affiliates ;( 2 ) Section 13, which ( as Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act ) regulated transactions between Federal Reserve member banks and their nonbank affiliates ; ( 3 ) Sections 19 and 30, which established criminal penalties for misconduct by officers or directors of Federal Reserve System member banks and authorized the Federal Reserve to remove such officers or directors ;( 4 ) Section 22, which eliminated personal liability (“ double liability ”) for new shareholders of national banks ; and ( 5 ) Section 23, which gave national banks the same ability to establish branches in their “ home state ” as state chartered banks in that state.

Section 16 prohibited national banks from purchasing or selling securities except for a customer ’ s account ( i. e., as a customer ’ s agent ) unless the securities were purchased for the bank ’ s account as “ investment securities ” identified by the Comptroller of the Currency as permitted national bank investments.

Section 16 permitted national banks ( and Section 5 ( c ) permitted state member banks ) to purchase for their own accounts “ marketable ” debt securities that were “ investment securities ” approved by the Comptroller of the Currency.

The Comptroller of the Currency, therefore, ruled that Section 16 permitted national banks to engage in “ proprietary trading ” of “ investment securities ” for which it could not act as a “ dealer .” Thus, Glass-Steagall permitted “ banks to invest in and trade securities to a significant extent ” and did not restrict trading by bank affiliates, although the Bank Holding Company Act did restrict investments by bank affiliates.

In 1963, the Saxon-led Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) issued a regulation permitting national banks to offer “ commingled accounts ” to retail customers.

Currency policy emerged as a hot topic in national politics, with politically active farmers and representatives of the fledgling national trade union movement endorsing a weak greenback-type currency as conducive to the needs of these groups as debtors.

In the Banking and Currency Committee, he was a champion of small businesses and worked to improve the national infrastructure and financial institutions.

In the modern U. S. the term " national bank " has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (" OCC "), an agency in the U. S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act.

TD Bank, N. A., is a national banking institution in the United States ( chartered and supervised by the federal Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ) which offers banking, insurance, brokerage, and investment banking services in Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington, D. C.

" All national banks are chartered and regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

The 1930 Iraq mission saw him recommend the establishment of an Iraq Currency Board to issue a national currency, the dinar, to replace Indian rupees issued as temporary currency when British forces displaced the Ottomans from the former Mesopotamia during World War I.

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) is an independent bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that was established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and thrift institutions and the federal branches and agencies of foreign banks in the United States.

# Currency issue ; the BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency.

Federally chartered CDBs are regulated primarily by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, like any national bank.

The European Currency Unit (₠ or ECU, or ; ) was a basket of the currencies of the European Community member states, used as the unit of account of the European Community before being replaced by the euro on 1 January 1999, at parity.

A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency, local currency, regional currency, alternative currency, auxiliary currencies, and private currencies.

* Community Currency describes currencies that are used by groups with a common bond, like members of a locality, or association.

* European Currency Unit, a former basket of the currencies of the European Community, precursor to the euro

On 31 December 1998, the exchange rates between the European Currency Unit and the Irish pound and 10 other EMS currencies ( all but the pound sterling, the Swedish krona and the Danish krone ) were fixed.

The Asian Currency Unit ( ACU ) is a proposed weighted index of currencies for ASEAN + 3.

The Chinese term for " New Taiwan Dollar " ( 新臺幣 or 新台幣, literally " New Taiwan Currency ") typically is only used for banking and in legal contracts where it is necessary to avoid any possible ambiguity, or when talking about foreign exchange or other currencies.

Before the introduction of the euro, exchange rates were based on the European Currency Unit ( ECU ), the European unit of account, whose value was determined as a weighted average of the participating currencies.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board still maintain the interchangeability of their two currencies, as of 2009.

At the following Council meeting in Bremen, Germany in June 1978 the basic features of the European Monetary System were outlined, including the creation of the ECU – European Currency Unit, a basket of the Community's currencies used to determine exchange rates, and the forerunner of the euro.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board still maintain the exchangeability of their two currencies.

For a while a peg was considered to a basket of currencies: the European Currency Unit.

A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency, local currency, regional currency, alternative currency, auxiliary currencies, and private currencies.

* Community Currency describes currencies that are used by groups with a common bond, like members of a locality, or association.

* Cuba Currency Guide — One country, two currencies.

Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Manchukuo yuan, containing 23. 91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based.

A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency, local currency, regional currency, alternative currency, auxiliary currencies, and private currencies.

* Community Currency describes currencies that are used by groups with a common bond, like members of a locality, or association.

Currency Exchange booths are also available inside the mall if a customer wishes to exchange currencies into Philippine peso or US Dollars.

This was a response to comments by Thatcher in the House of Commons on 31 October, when she criticised the vision of European integration, including a Single Currency, espoused by the European Commission under Jacques Delors, characterising it as the path to a federal European superstate, and famously declared that her response to such a vision would be " No. No. No " ( In June 1990 Chancellor Major had suggested that the proposed Single European Currency should be a " hard ecu ", competing for use against existing national currencies ; this idea was not in the end adopted ).