Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Alnus ( Betulaceae ) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region.

In another study, ancient DNA recovered from 16 Jomon skeletons excavated from Funadomari site, Hokkaido, Japan was analyzed to elucidate the genealogy of the early settlers of the Japanese archipelago.

In another study of ancient DNA published by the same authors in 2011, both the control and coding regions of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) recovered from Jomon skeletons excavated from the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaido, were analyzed in detail, and 54 mtDNAs were confidently assigned to relevant haplogroups.

Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA.

An autoantigen is usually a normal protein or complex of proteins ( and sometimes DNA or RNA ) that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from a specific autoimmune disease.

Tests for DNA laddering differentiate apoptosis from ischemic or toxic cell death.

Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes > 200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments > 100 basepairs.

In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny of flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants.

Instead it generates the sequences of many thousands of small DNA fragments ( ranging from 35 to 900 nucleotides long, depending on the sequencing technology ).

Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes the Bubonic plague, although these were different, previously unknown ancestral variants of those identified in the 20th century.

DNA Replication image from the Human Genome Project ( HGP )

The Bongo Surveillance Programme, working alongside the Kenya Wildlife Service, have recorded photos of bongos at remote salt licks in the Aberdare Forests using camera traps, and, by analyzing DNA extracted from dung, have confirmed the presence of bongo in Mount Kenya, Eburru and Mau forests.

4 ) Collect DNA samples from western bongo to calculate the relatedness of the two subspecies.

She stated that her DNA has expanded from 2 to 12 strands, to " absorb more hydrogen ".

Furthermore, the genetic code ( the " translation table " according to which DNA information is translated into proteins ) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria to humans.

Such evidence has come from two areas: amino acid sequences and DNA sequences.

Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism, in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units.

* An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES: Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford

Usually DNA damage, if too severe to repair, leads to programmed cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell.

# A biochemists ’ operational definition: Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei.

They prevent these substances from becoming incorporated in to DNA during the " S " phase ( of the cell cycle ), stopping normal development and division.

The first semblance of Malpighiales as we now know it came from a phylogeny of seed plants published in 1993 and based upon DNA sequences of the gene rbcL.

Because seed ( DNA ) degrades with time, the seeds need to be periodically replanted and fresh seeds collected for another round of long-term storage.

A sample or a synthesized version of the gene seed, a " part " of the original Primarch's or leaders DNA is used in the transformation of these superhuman warriors.

Now a good choice of clones can be made to efficiently sequence the clones to determine the DNA sequence of the organism under study ( seed picking ).

DNA testing indicates resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.

The human race's technology advances enough for various factions to send out pods containing human and other mammalian embryos ( and later on, simply stored DNA sequences ), along with robot parents, to planets that are considered habitable.

Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members.

" The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.

Inquiries about the DNA of organisms are classed as genetic models ( with short generation times, such as the fruitfly and nematode worm ), experimental models, and genomic parsimony models, investigating pivotal position in the evolutionary tree.

The following phylogenetic tree is from a cladistic analysis of DNA that was published in 2011.

* In 1992, DNA from a palo verde tree was used to convict Mark Alan Bogan of murder.

A breakthrough in crossbreeding of American chestnut DNA and Chinese chestnut DNA has allowed the beginning of restoration of the American chestnut tree.

A tree planted in 2005 in the tree library outside the USDA building is still very healthy seven years later ; it contains 98 % American chestnut DNA and 2 % Chinese chestnut DNA.

This tree contains enough Chinese chestnut DNA to resist the blight which is essential for restoring the American chestnut trees into the Northeast.

In December 2008, researchers from the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University completed a DNA tree of all 21 known species of beaked whales.

This leads to the construction of a DNA family tree where the branches are in biological terms clades, and the common ancestors such as Mitochondrial Eve sit at branching points in this tree.

In the September 2006 issue of Science, it was announced that the Western Balsam Poplar ( P. trichocarpa ) was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced.

According to some Greek researchers, the DNA tree line of Greek Pomaks suggests that they descend from ancient Thracian tribes.

Similar to findings from Y-Chromosome studies, mitochondrial DNA studies also showed evidence that the Khoe – San people carry high frequencies of the earliest haplogroup branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree.

Further DNA and RNA analysis may prove the charophytes to be a crucial evolutionary link in the phylogenetic tree of life, the critical developmental step from the algae toward the non-vascular and then vascular land plants.

Determining Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other — the lineages that share the least unique mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a phylogenetic tree.

Because knowledge of human Y chromosomes is still incomplete, Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, his position in the family tree, the time when lived, and his place of origin, are all subject to future revisions.

While this tree contains a considerable number of species, DNA sequences from many species in this genus have not been included-probably because they are not available yet.

Mitochondrial DNA studies also showed evidence that the San people carry high frequencies of the earliest haplogroup branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree.