Close-up of a 18th century Iranian crucible forged Damascus steel sword

Today, the term is used to describe steel that mimics the appearance and performance of Damascus steel, usually that which is produced by either crucible forging or pattern welding.

The original method of producing Damascus steel is not known.

Despite this, several individuals in modern times have claimed that they have rediscovered the methods in which the original Damascus steel was produced.

The reputation and history of Damascus steel have given rise to many legends, such as the ability to cut through a rifle barrel or to cut a hair falling across the blade, but no evidence exists to support such claims.

A research team in Germany published a report in 2006 revealing nanowires and carbon nanotubes in a blade forged from Damascus steel.

Several theories on the origins of the term " Damascus steel " exist, but none of them may be confirmed definitively.

From the 3rd century to the 17th century, India was shipping steel ingots to the Middle East for use in Damascus steel.

The original Damascus steel or wootz was imported from India to the Middle East.

Due to the distance of trade for this steel, a sufficiently lengthy disruption of the trade routes could have ended the production of Damascus steel and eventually led to the loss of the technique in India.

Recreating Damascus steel is a subfield of experimental archaeology.

Characteristic " organic " pattern of Damascus steel

Pattern-welded steel has been referred to as " Damascus steel " since 1973 when Bladesmith William F. Moran unveiled his " Damascus knives " at the Knifemakers ' Guild Show.

This " Modern Damascus " is made from several types of steel and iron slices welded together to form a billet.

J. D. Verhoeven and A. H. Pendray published an article on their attempts to reproduce the elemental, structural, and visual characteristics of Damascus steel.

They started with a cake of steel that matched the properties of the original wootz steel from India, which also matched a number of original Damascus swords to which Verhoeven and Pendray had access.

A treaty was made whereby Ben-hadad restored the cities which his father had taken from Ahab's father ( that is, Omri, but see 15: 20, 2 Kings 13: 25 ), and trading facilities between Damascus and Samaria were granted.

While Paul was on the road to Damascus, near Damascus, " suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him.

The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to the newly founded city Baghdad.

The two cardines converged near the Damascus Gate, and a semicircular piazza covered the remaining space ; in the piazza a columnar monument was constructed, hence the traditional name for the gate-Bab el-Amud ( Gate of the Column ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Ezekiel appears briefly in the Dead Sea Scrolls, but his influence there was profound, most notably in the Temple Scroll with its temple plans, and the defence of the Zadokite priesthood in the Damascus Document.

Verhoeven and Pendray had already determined that the grains on the surface of the steel were grains of iron carbide — their goal was to reproduce the iron carbide patterns they saw in the Damascus blades from the grains in the wootz.

This process was referred to as " laminating " or " Damascus " and these barrels were found on shotguns that sold for $ 12.

In 1632 Ahmad Koujak was named Lord of Damascus.

The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus, where it spread and where the vastly non-Druze population was anti-Christian.

Damascus was a major trading centre which abounded in wealth and was under normal circumstances a potential threat, but the rulers of Jerusalem had recently entered into a truce with the city, which they then forswore.

It was a gamble which did not pay off, and whether through military error or betrayal, the Damascus campaign was a failure, and the royal family retreated to Jerusalem and then sailed to Rome and back to Paris.

In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish Córdoba in the eleventh century and contained amounts of Damascus steel.

The Mamluk province of Bilad a-Sham ( Syria ) was conquered by Turkish Sultan Selim II in 1516 – 17, becoming a part of the province of Ottoman Syria for the next four centuries, first as the Damascus Eyalet and later as the Syria Vilayet ( following the Tanzimat reorganization of 1864 ).

At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the Jezreel Valley and Galilee in the north, and with Moab, Ammon and Damascus in the east for control of Gilead ; the Mesha stele ( c. 830 ), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the " House of Omri " ( i. e. Israel ).

* On February 12, 2008, Imad Mughnieh was killed by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria.

However the term has its origin in the descriptions of Eusebius of Caesarea and John of Damascus of mortalist views among Arab Christians, In the 1960s also this phrase was applied also to the views of Tyndale, Luther and others engaged in mortal introspection, from awareness that Calvin's term Psychopannychia originally described his own belief, not the belief he was calling error as well as in view of the Anabaptists, since their own writings held that the soul dies and the dead sleep.

Retroactive research conducted at the time the term " Dosage Index " first became common knowledge revealed that no horse having a Dosage Index of higher than 4. 00 had won the Kentucky Derby since at least 1929 ( a year chosen because by then the number of available of chefs-de-race on which to base the figures was thought to have reached a critical mass ), and that over the same period only one Belmont Stakes winner ( Damascus in 1967 ) had such a Dosage figure.

The name damson derives from the earlier term " damascene ", and ultimately from the Latin prunum damascenum, " plum of Damascus ".

Guy's term as king is generally seen as a disaster ; he was defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and was imprisoned in Damascus as Saladin reconquered almost the entire kingdom.

The term is usually used in relation to the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire ; the most famous iconodules of that time being the Saints Theodore the Studite and John of Damascus.

Traditionally the term refers to visions of Christ after his ascension such as the bright light of the Damascus Christophany.

The discovery of carbon nanotubes in the Damascus steel's composition supports this hypothesis, since the precipitation of carbon nanotubes likely resulted from a specific process that may be difficult to replicate should the production technique or raw materials used be significantly altered.

A team of researchers based at the Technical University of Dresden that used x-rays and electron microscopy to examine Damascus steel discovered the presence of cementite nanowires and carbon nanotubes.

Image: Damascus Khan asad Pacha cropped. jpg | Geometry is used in art and architecture.

To support his assertion, he relates a story ( excerpted by John of Damascus ) that a pagan commissioned to paint an image of Jesus used the " Zeus " form instead of the " Semitic " form, and that as punishment his hands withered.

Railways are not commonly used for passenger transport in Jordan, the only passenger railway is that connecting Amman to Damascus in Syria.

* Damascus Steel, a steel used in swordmaking during the Medieval Period.

Once the rebel forces had besieged Damascus, the French military responded with brutal counter-insurgency techniques that prefigured those that would be used later in Algeria and Indo-China.

The Islamic arabesque is a development of the Late Antique and Byzantine types of scrolling vegetal decoration that were inherited by Islam, and used with relatively little change in early Islamic art, for example in the famous 8th century mosaics of the Great Mosque of Damascus.

Besides his purely textual works, many of which are listed below, John of Damascus also composed hymns, perfecting the canon, a structured hymn form used in Eastern Orthodox church services.

Though the Syrian government claimed periodically that it used its influence to restrain the rhetoric and activities of Palestinian groups, Meshaal freely traveled around Damascus and the Syrian government allowed Meshaal's use of the Syrian Ministry of Information as the venue for press conferences.

The name " Damascus " comes from a reference presumably to Damascus, Syria, and was first used in an official document in 1816, when the United States Congress approved a postal route through the area, operated by Edward Hughes.

The city's olive oil was also used in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.

* Minarets or towers ( these were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers, as seen in the Great Mosque of Damascus ; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning " light ").

The city is located about south of Damascus on the Damascus-Amman highway, and is used as a stopping station for travelers.

In 1840, in the Damascus affair, the Jews of Damascus were falsely accused of having ritually murdered a Christian monk and his Muslim servant and of having used their blood to bake Passover bread.

* Damascus steel, a type of steel used in swordmaking

The King of Syria, was the title briefly used following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Faysal ibn Husayn of the House of Hashim was proclaimed King of Greater Syria on 8 March 1920 in Damascus, following the Arab revolt against the Ottomans of 1916 – 1918.

It may be found in Wisdom 13: 5 and St. John of Damascus ; The method of apologetics used in the opening chapters of his work, An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, is essentially presuppositional.

As a matter of facts, there is a current trend to diverge from this unity, the language of the cities taking on some of the features of their neighboring villages ( e. g. Jerusalem used to say as Damascus ( we ) and ( they ) at the beginning of the 20th century, and this has moved to the more rural and nowadays .).

The Great Mosque of Córdoba exhibited features, and an architectural appearance, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus, therefore it is evident that it was used as a model by Abd ar-Rahman for the creation of the Great Mosque in Córdoba.