‘ Neoevolutionists ’ borrowed from the work of Charles Darwin.

Van Vogt's first published SF story, " Black Destroyer " ( Astounding Science Fiction, July 1939 ), was inspired by Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin.

Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel were amateur scientists who never held a position in their field of study.

He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.

The ship on which Charles Darwin made the voyage which provided much of the inspiration for On the Origin of Species was named HMS Beagle after the breed, and, in turn, lent its name to the ill-fated British Martian lander Beagle 2.

* Charles Robert Darwin

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".

In 1795, Charles Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, asked:

During Charles Darwin's studies on the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed 13 species of finches that are closely related and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks.

# REDIRECT Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin ( 1809-1882 )

It has been hypothesized that Charles Darwin might have suffered from Chagas disease as a result of a bite of the so-called great black bug of the Pampas ( vinchuca ) ( see Charles Darwin's illness ).

* Creation ( 2009 film ), a 2009 film by Jon Amiel about the life of Charles Darwin

Lyell was a close and influential friend of Charles Darwin.

Lyell's interpretation of geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a powerful influence on the young Charles Darwin.

< center > Charles Darwin

* Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 1882 ), English naturalist and writer, best known as the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection

** Anne Darwin ( 1841 – 1851 ), daughter of Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 1882 )

** Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 1882 ), English naturalist and writer

** Charles Darwin ( 1758 – 1778 ) physician and scientist, uncle of Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 1882 )

** Charles Galton Darwin ( 1887 – 1962 ), physicist and activist

Lyell asked Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, to search for erratic boulders on the survey voyage of the Beagle, and just before it set out FitzRoy gave Darwin Volume 1 of the first edition of Lyell's Principles.

When the Beagle made its first stop ashore at St Jago, Darwin found rock formations which seen " through Lyell's eyes " gave him a revolutionary insight into the geological history of the island, an insight he applied throughout his travels.

In geology Darwin was very much Lyell's disciple, and brought back observations and his own original theorising, including ideas about the formation of atolls, which supported Lyell's uniformitarianism.

Lyell's data on stratigraphy were important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed slowly, requiring " geologic time ".

Quite strong remarks: no doubt Darwin resented Lyell's repeated suggestion that he owed a lot to Lamarck, whom he ( Darwin ) had always specifically rejected.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's Principles of Geology, which explained both uniformitarian methodology and theory.

Lyell's books had widespread influence, not least on the up and coming young geologist Charles Darwin who read them with enthusiasm during his voyage on the Beagle, and has been described as Lyell's first disciple.

Darwin studied evolution in the context of Charles Lyell's geology, but our present understanding of Earth history includes some critical advances made during the last half-century.

Charles Darwin was a follower of Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and decided to expand upon Lyell ’ s theory with a quantitative estimate to determine if there was enough time in the history of the earth to uphold his principles of evolution.

Before they left England FitzRoy gave Darwin a copy of the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, a book the captain had read that explained terrestrial features as the outcome of a gradual process taking place over extremely long periods.

As a young naturalist and geological theorist, Darwin studied the successive volumes of Lyell's book exhaustively during the Beagle survey voyage in the 1830s, before beginning to theorise about evolution.

Before they left England FitzRoy gave Darwin a copy of the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, the subject which would be his primary work.

Lyell's second volume explained extinctions as a " succession of deaths " due to changed circumstances with new species then being created, but Darwin found giant fossils of extinct mammals with no geological signs of a " diluvial debacle " or environmental change, and so rejected Lyell's explanation in favour of Giovanni Battista Brocchi's idea that species had somehow aged and died out.

Lyell's immediate response urged Darwin to publish his own ideas, and in his reply of 25 June Darwin agreed that he could point to his own Essay of 1844 which Hooker had read in 1847, and a letter to Asa Gray of 1857 showing that he was still developing the ideas, " so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from Wallace.

Sensitive to Lyell's fears on this, Darwin responded that " I think I shall avoid the whole subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist ".

Then on his voyage on the Beagle Darwin became convinced by Charles Lyell's uniformitarian theory of gradual geological process, and puzzled over how various theories of creation fitted the evidence he saw.

To Lyell's delight, Darwin went further in balancing the rising continent with sinking mountains forming the basis of coral atolls.

To supervise his collections Darwin had to return to London, and on Lyell's advice he planned to arrive on Friday 3 March 1837, in time for one of Charles Babbage's Saturday parties, talking shops about the latest developments " brilliantly attended by fashionable ladies, as well as literary and scientific gents " and " a good mixture of pretty women ", bankers and politicians, where Babbage promoted such projects as his mechanical computer.

* the writings of David Hume and Immanuel Kant ( and later, Charles Darwin ), which increased doubt about the first cause argument and the argument from design, turning many ( though not all ) potential deists towards atheism instead

While he did not originate the term, Charles Darwin identified the argument as a possible way to falsify a prediction of the theory of evolution at the outset.

In his autobiography, Darwin wrote that " The old argument of design in nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered ".

After this, Darwin and Withering became increasingly estranged, and eventually a horrendous argument broke out apparently resulting from Darwin having accused Withering of unprofessional behaviour by effectively poaching patients.

In addition to Moral and Political Philosophy and the Evidences Charles Darwin read Natural Theology during his student years and later stated in his autobiography that he was initially convinced by the argument.

On a system running Darwin, the output from running < tt > uname </ tt > with the < tt >- a </ tt > command line argument might look like the text below:

Taking the eye as an example, Darwin was able to show many stages of light sensitivity and eye development in the animal kingdom as proof of the utility of less than perfect sight ( argument by intermediate stages ).

In the Descent of Man, Darwin wrote that by choosing tools and weapons over the years, " man has ultimately become superior to woman " but Blackwell's argument for women's equality went largely ignored until the 1970s when feminist scientists and historians began to explore Darwin.

After doing particularly well in his final exam questions on Paleys ' books, Darwin read Paley's Natural Theology which set out to refute David Hume's argument that the teleological argument for " design " by a Creator was merely a human projection onto the forces of nature.

In one 1860 letter to Gray, Darwin expressed his doubts about the teleological argument which claimed nature as evidence of god, though he was still inclined to vaguely believe in an impersonal God as first cause:

The argument from poor design is one of the arguments that was used by Charles Darwin ; modern proponents have included Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins.

In 1990, law professor Phillip E. Johnson set out his argument that the ground rules of science as presented at Edwards v. Aguillard unfairly disqualified creationist explanations by excluding the supernatural, and in 1991, he brought out a book entitled Darwin on Trial, challenging the principles of naturalism and uniformitarianism in contemporary scientific philosophy.

Dawkins further commented that it was an argument Darwin himself had anticipated, and that the example of a bacterial flagellum used by Behe had in fact been refuted by Kenneth R. Miller in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.

The argument of Darwin on Trial is that we know a great deal less than has been claimed.

Darwin considered Malthus's argument, that human populations breed beyond their means and compete to survive, in relation to his findings about species relating to localities, earlier enquiries into animal breeding, and ideas of Natural " laws of harmony ".

In this, Darwin wanted to overcome the persistent argument of divinely guided variation.

An argument put forward for a diagnosis of Ménière's is that Darwin hunted a lot when he was young and could have damaged his inner ear with the repeated noise of shooting.

In December Darwin completed extensive revisions of the Origin, using the word " evolution " for the first time and adding a new chapter to refute Mivart's guided jumps, tackling the argument of uselessness of part-evolved organs with myriad examples of gradual development or organs changing function.

Later, Darwin mentioned the Mivart argument and Hooker rallied the X Club ( a dining club formed in November 1864 to support the evolutionary " new reformation " in naturalism, including Huxley, Hooker, John Tyndall, Busk, Spencer, and Spottiswoode ).

", Darwin looked at him " very hard " before replying that he could see the " overwhelming force " this argument might have, but he could no longer accept it.