" He quotes Charles Lyell as saying " Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages " and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James D. Dana in 1849.

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS ( 14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875 ) was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day.

Lyell was born in Scotland about 15 miles north of Dundee in Kinnordy, near Kirriemuir in Forfarshire ( now in Angus ).

After the Great Chicago Fire, Lyell was one of the first to donate books to help found the Chicago Public Library.

Lyell's wife died in 1873, and two years later Lyell himself died as he was revising the twelfth edition of Principles.

Lyell was knighted ( Kt ), and later made a baronet ( Bt ), which is an hereditary honour.

The ancient jawless fish Cephalaspis lyelli, which dwelt in the lochs of Scotland, was named by Louis Agassiz in honour of Lyell.

One of the contributions that Lyell made in Principles was to explain the cause of earthquakes.

Furthermore, Lyell believed that the accumulation of fine angular particles covering much of the world ( today called loess ) was a deposit settled from mountain flood water.

Lyell first received a copy of one of Lamarck's books from Mantell in 1827, when he was on circuit.

In the second volume of the first edition of Principles Lyell explicitly rejected the mechanism of Lamark on the transmutation of species, and was doubtful whether species were mutable.

Later, Darwin became a close personal friend, and Lyell was one of the first scientists to support On the Origin of Species, though he did not subscribe to all its contents.

Lyell was also a friend of Darwin's closest colleagues, Hooker and Huxley, but unlike them he struggled to square his religious beliefs with evolution.

The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell.

Gosse was also the author of Omphalos, an attempt to reconcile the geological ages presupposed by Charles Lyell with the biblical account of creation.

Anning's correspondents included Charles Lyell, who wrote her to ask her opinion on how the sea was affecting the coastal cliffs around Lyme, as well as, Adam Sedgwick — one of her earliest customers — who taught geology at the University of Cambridge and who numbered Charles Darwin among his students.

In 1908 he was awarded the Lyell Medal, in 1911 made a Fellow of the Royal Society, and from 1920 to 1922 served as the President of the Geological Society of London, dying on 15 July 1936.

It was through this book that Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism, later taken up by Charles Lyell, first reached a wide audience.

By the early 19th century biogeography was ignited through efforts of Alexander von Humboldt, Lyell and Darwin ; their efforts, while important in relating species to their environments, were part of the naturalist tradition and fell short of conservation biology proper.

While in Britain, Adams was befriended by many noted men including Charles Lyell, Francis T. Palgrave, Richard Monckton Milnes, James Milnes Gaskell, and Charles Milnes Gaskell.

Charles Darwin was a follower of Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and decided to expand upon Lyell ’ s theory with a quantitative estimate to determine if there was enough time in the history of the earth to uphold his principles of evolution.

He was clearly dissociating himself from the new ideas of Charles Lyell which he had accepted during the voyage, and from Darwin's account which embraced these ideas, instead asserting a new commitment under the influence of his very religious wife to the doctrine of the established Church of England.

It was long after that when alluvial gold was discovered at Mount Lyell, prompting the formation of the Mount Lyell Gold Mining Company in 1881.

On the return of the Beagle ( October 1836 ) Lyell invited Darwin to dinner and from then on they were close friends.

Huxley was a close friend of the family, and whilst still a child Ray met Hooker, Henfry, Clifford, Gosse, Owen, Forbes, Carpenter, Lyell, Murchison, Henslow and Darwin.

Other Christians were opposed to the idea and even some of Darwin's close friends and supporters including Charles Lyell and Asa Gray initially expressed reservations about some of his ideas.

They were presented by Darwin ’ s close allies, the geologist Charles Lyell and the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker.

Darwin found three close allies: Charles Lyell, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Huxley.

Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist Sir William Dawson ( 1820 – 1899 ), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and mentor Charles Lyell.

Lyell presented his ideas in the influential three volume work, Principles of Geology, published in the 1830s, which challenged theories about geological cataclysms proposed by proponents of catastrophism like Cuvier and Buckland.

Scottish lawyer and geologist Charles Lyell published his famous and influential work Principles of Geology in 1830 – 1833 which interpreted geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time and that natural processes, uniformly applied over the length of that existence ( uniformitarianism ), could account for what men saw and studied in creation.

Opposition in the scientific community, led by influential scientists like the anatomists Georges Cuvier and Richard Owen and the geologist Charles Lyell, to these early theories of evolution was intense.

When presenting his ideas against the prevailing influences of catastrophism and progressive creationism, which envisaged species being supernaturally created at intervals, Darwin needed to forcefully stress the gradual nature of evolution in accordance with the gradualism promoted by his friend Charles Lyell.

In October 1845 he wrote to his friend Charles Lyell that Segwick's review was a " grand piece of argument against mutability of species " which he had read with " fear & trembling ," but had been " well pleased to find " that he had anticipated Sedgwick's objections and " had not overlooked any of the arguments ".

Charles Lyell at the British Association meeting in Glasgow 1840.

Charles Lyell

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Lyell, Charles, 1st Baronet

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