Darwin eloquently described a process of descent with modification, or evolution, whereby organisms either adapt to natural and changing environmental pressures, or they perish.

Lyell's books had widespread influence, not least on the up and coming young geologist Charles Darwin who read them with enthusiasm during his voyage on the Beagle, and has been described as Lyell's first disciple.

The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction.

The term was introduced by Darwin in his influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction.

This effect was first described and named by Charles Darwin.

In his 1859 The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin recalls seeing coloured drawings of zebra-donkey hybrids, and mentions " Lord Moreton's famous hybrid from a chesnut mare and male quagga ..." Darwin mentioned this particular hybrid again in 1868 in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, and provides a citation to the journal in which Lord Morton first described the breeding.

), which Darwin described as " weapons ", while traits selected by mate ( usually female ) choice are called " ornaments ".

Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals ; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions.

During his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin described tropical coral reefs as oases in the desert of the ocean.

Charles Darwin described how the process of domestication can involve both unconscious and methodical elements.

Nineteenth century scientist Charles Darwin, in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, described shame affect as consisting of blushing, confusion of mind, downward cast eyes, slack posture, and lowered head, and he noted observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide.

Charles Darwin described the colour-changing abilities of the cuttlefish in The Voyage of the Beagle ( 1860 ):

For example, the concept of coevolution was briefly described by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species, and developed in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids.

Early in the year, large numbers collect together for mating in gatherings Charles Darwin described as " marriage meetings ".

But Mivart's hostile review of the Descent of Man in the Quarterly Review, aroused fury from his former intimates, including Darwin himself, who described it as " grossly unfair ".

He became an AEU shop steward at Balfour Darwin in 1967 and held a number of increasingly senior union positions in workplaces where he was employed, learning his politics in what described as " the socialist republic of South Yorkshire ".

The reviewer Brian Spitzer, a professor of Biology, described Darwin on Trial as the most deceptive book he had ever read.

The Comet Orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale, a rare Malagasy flower with its nectar stored at the bottom of a 30 cm long tube, was described in 1822 by Aubert du Petit-Thouars, and later Charles Darwin famously predicted that there must be some specialised animal to feed from it:

In a later review of gravitational theories, Darwin briefly described Le Sage's theory and said he gave the theory serious consideration, but then wrote:

Meanwhile, Charles Darwin also described what turned out to be this species as Delphinus fitzroyi from a specimen harpooned off Argentina in 1838.

In his book " The Voyage of the Beagle ", Darwin described the mountain thus ;

When Darwin received Alfred Russel Wallace's paper which described natural selection, Hooker and Charles Lyell arranged for a joint reading of papers by Darwin and Wallace to the Linnean Society.

One of his criticisms, to which Darwin responded in later editions of the Origin of Species, was a perceived failure of natural selection to explain the incipient stages of useful structures.

In common with Darwin, he felt that quantitative characters could not easily be " perfected " by the selective force of evolution, because of the perceived problem of the " swamping effect of intercrossing ", but proposed that discontinuously varying characters could.

Darwin noted that the significance of these expressions was ambiguous, and could either signify that the primate was making expressions at what it perceived to be another animal, or it could be playing a sort of game with a new toy.

Accusations of racism and ethnocentrism were leveled at him ; however, actual excerpts from the book seemed to show his extreme opposition to racism, and in later materials ( see " How Not to Misread Darwin ’ s Athletes ") he acknowledged his unfortunate naïveté regarding how a white author would be perceived when writing on such a topic.

When Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in 1859, one of its major problems was the lack of an underlying mechanism for heredity.

The sudden appearance of most species in the geologic record and the lack of evidence of substantial gradual change in most species — from their initial appearance until their extinction — has long been noted, including by Charles Darwin who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation.

Reminded of his lack of expertise in taxonomy, Darwin began an eight year study of barnacles, becoming the leading expert on their classification.

Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils.

With 17 P-40s delivered by the Pensacola convoy ( assembly of the 18th could not be completed because of a lack of parts ), it flew across northern Australia from Brisbane to Darwin, then to Java via Penfoie Airdrome at Koepang and Den Pasar Field on Bali between 16 and 25 January.

The book's title is a reference to a quotation of Charles Darwin, made in reference to Darwin's lack of belief in how " a perfect world " was designed by God:

A weakness of Darwin's work, however, was the lack of palaeontological evidence, as pointed out by Darwin himself.

Darwin reasoned that most of the visual differences between human races were superficial — issues of skin color and hair type — and that most of the mental differences were merely cases of " civilization " or a lack of it.

corresponded with Smith about how the large animals in South Africa lived on sparse vegetation, showing that a lack of luxuriant vegetation did not explain the extinction of the giant creatures whose fossils Darwin had found in South America.

To meet a lack of books supporting the Origin on natural selection, Darwin arranged with John Murray to publish a translation of Für Darwin, written by Fritz Müller exiled in Brazil.

Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms.

The Darwin fish bears a stylized resemblance to Ichthyostega, which is a major example of a transitional fossil.

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, the oldest animal fossils were those from the Cambrian Period, now known to be about 540 million years old.

Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their " centre of creation ".

Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent.

Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils.

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838.

Comparing characteristics of this basal angiosperm, other flowering plants and fossils may provide clues about how flowers first appeared — what Darwin called the " abominable mystery ".

A few of the Early Cambrian fossils were already known in the mid-19th century, and Charles Darwin saw the apparently sudden appearance and diversification of animals as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Lyell's second volume explained extinctions as a " succession of deaths " due to changed circumstances with new species then being created, but Darwin found giant fossils of extinct mammals with no geological signs of a " diluvial debacle " or environmental change, and so rejected Lyell's explanation in favour of Giovanni Battista Brocchi's idea that species had somehow aged and died out.

Darwin wrote to his sister Caroline that " fossils are turning out great treasures " and of the Toxodon, " There is another head, as large as a Rhinoceros which as far as they can guess, must have been a gnawing animal.

Lyell uncomfortably joked that from " Lamarck's view " this gave a long time " for their tails to wear off ", but Darwin was beginning to look at these " wonderful " fossils in an evolutionary light.

In mid-July 1837 Darwin began a notebook on " transmutation of Species ", his " B " notebook, having been " greatly struck from about month of previous March on character of S. American fossils — & species on Galapagos Archipelago.

Charles Darwin was one of the first to collect Toxodon fossils, after paying 18 pence for a T. platensis skull from a farmer in Uruguay.

"</ i > Since Darwin discovered that the fossils of similar mammals of South America were different than those in Europe, he invoked many debates about the evolution and natural selection of animals.