However, Darwinism is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish modern evolutionary theories, sometimes called " NeoDarwinism ", from those first proposed by Darwin.

By 2000, most large-scale ( Mach-like ) efforts had ended, although OpenStep used an adapted Mach kernel called XNU, which is now used in the OS known as Darwin, which is the open source part of Mac OS X .. As of 2012, the Mach-based GNU Hurd is also functional and its inclusion in testing versions of Arch Linux and Debian in progress.

While often seen as rejecting Darwin's theory of branching evolution for a more linear Lamarckian " biogenic law " of progressive evolution, this is not accurate: Haeckel used the Lamarckian picture to describe the ontogenic and phylogenic history of the individual species, but agreed with Darwin about the branching nature of all species from one, or a few, original ancestors.

Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin ( this was the first edition in which he used the word " evolution "), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.

In Chapter III, Darwin asks how varieties " which I have called incipient species " become distinct species, and in answer introduces the key concept he calls " natural selection "; in the fifth edition he adds, " But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer, of the Survival of the Fittest, is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.

Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.

In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in German.

Darwin used the term twice in the 1859 first edition of his work On the Origin of Species, in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory –

There is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by Charles Darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection.

Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit variant of the Intel x86 processors used in the Mac as well as the 32-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and the second and third generation Apple TV.

Only in later editions of his works did Darwin used the term " evolution.

That the Bonheur family was renowned as a family of artists is attested to by the fact that Francis Galton, the cousin of Charles Darwin used the Bonheurs as an example of " Hereditary Genius " in his 1869 essay of the same title.

Charles Darwin used the nomenclature Inuus ecaudalus in writing of the Barbary ape, now classified as Macaca sylvanus.

Finally in 1840 Beach's grandson, Dr. Darwin Crary, invented the first inclined chute to be used for the coal industry, which sent coal to the canal down the mountain.

The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution, from the previous work of others, including Daniel Defoe the century before, to when Beaufort was a top administrator in the Royal Navy in the 1830s when it was adopted officially and first used during the voyage of Charles Darwin on HMS Beagle.

* The Right Worshipful — all other Lord Mayors and Mayors of cities and the original Cinque Ports ( United Kingdom ), and ( rarely used nowadays ) Lord Mayors of Darwin, Newcastle and Wollongong and Mayor of Geelong in Australia

The translators of the day used the word " development " from the French " développement ", as opposed to " evolution " as this was used by Darwin.

While the Spanish names are official, many users ( especially ecological researchers ) continue to use the older English names, principally because those were the names used when Charles Darwin visited.

In Australia, the term " capital cities " is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory.

Selective breeding was used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selection, and to support it.

Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage.

His works influenced Charles Darwin, who adopted Linnaeus ' phrase on the economy or polity of nature in The Origin of Species.

In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as " a celebrated cleric ", and added the phrase " by the Creator " to the closing sentence, which from then on read " life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one ".

The British sociologist Herbert Spencer coined the phrase " survival of the fittest " ( though originally, and perhaps more accurately, " survival of the best fitted ") in his 1864 work Principles of Biology to characterise what Charles Darwin had called natural selection.

The phrase is today commonly used in contexts that are incompatible with the original meaning as intended by its first two proponents: British polymath philosopher Herbert Spencer ( who coined the term ) and Charles Darwin.

Herbert Spencer first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species – in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ), in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones, writing, " This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.

Darwin first used Spencer's new phrase " survival of the fittest " as a synonym for natural selection in the fifth edition of On the Origin of Species, published in 1869.

Herbert Spencer first used the phrase — after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species — in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, “ This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.

In the first four editions of On the Origin of Species, Darwin used the phrase " natural selection ".

Darwin agreed with Alfred Russel Wallace that this new phrase — " survival of the fittest " — avoided the troublesome anthropomorphism of " selecting ", though it " lost the analogy between nature's selection and the fanciers '".

The letter was widely circulated in London, and Darwin remembered the phrase " that mystery of mysteries ".

It is also he and not Darwin who coined the phrase survival of the fittest.

" which introduced the phrase " Nature, red in tooth and claw ", and Darwin worked on The Struggle for Existence.

Spencer, in his Principles of Biology, had coined the phrase " survival of the fittest ", and though Darwin had struggled with the " detestable style " of the turgid tome, he now agreed with Wallace that it avoided the troublesome anthropomorphism of " selecting ", though it " lost the analogy between nature's selection and the fanciers '.

In Materialism and Empiriocriticism ( 1908 ), Lenin explained dialectical materialism as three axes: ( i ) the materialist inversion of Hegelian dialectics, ( ii ) the historicity of ethical principles ordered to class struggle, and ( iii ) the convergence of " laws of evolution " in physics ( Helmholtz ), biology ( Darwin ), and in political economy ( Marx ).

Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's " warring of the species " in plants ; he immediately envisioned " a force like a hundred thousand wedges " pushing well-adapted variations into " gaps in the economy of nature ", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed.

The Social Darwinists ' view is derived from Charles Darwin's interpretation of evolution by natural selection, which is explicitly competitive (" survival of the fittest "), Malthusian (" struggle for existence "), even gladiatorial (" red in tooth and claw "), and permeated by the Victorian laissez-faire ethos of Darwin and his disciples ( such as T. H. Huxley and Herbert Spencer ).

In his Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, Rousseau, anticipating the language of Darwin, states that as the animal-like human species increased there arose a " formidable struggle for existence " between it and other species for food.

Charles Darwin considered that conscience evolved in man to resolve conflicts between competing natural impulses-some about self-preservation but others about safety of a family or community ; the claim of conscience to moral authority emerged from the " greater duration of impression of social instincts " in the struggle for survival.

" Towards the end of Descent of Man, Darwin said that he believed man would " sink into indolence " if severe struggle was not continuous, and thought that " there should be open competition for all men ; and the most able should not be prevented by laws or customs from succeeding best and rearing the largest number of offspring ," but also noted that he thought that the moral qualities of man were advanced much more by habit, reason, learning, and religion than by natural selection.

In 1861 Karl Marx wrote to his friend Ferdinand Lassalle, " Darwin ’ s work is most important and suits my purpose in that it provides a basis in natural science for the historical class struggle.

In 1861 Karl Marx wrote to his friend Ferdinand Lassalle, " Darwin ’ s work is most important and suits my purpose in that it provides a basis in natural science for the historical class struggle.

These appointments followed a protracted political struggle in which Balfour triumphed over his distinguished opponent, Joseph Dalton Hooker, a close associate of Charles Darwin.

Greatly influenced by the works of Darwin, Amin is quoted to have said that “ if Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were ‘ unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated ,” by the works of Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill who argued for equality of the sexes and believed was analogous to the “ evolution of societies from despotism to democracy, Amin believed that heightening a women ’ s status in society would greatly improve the nation.

Darwin was impressed by the idea that population growth would eventually lead to more organisms than could possibly survive in any given environment, leading him to theorize that organisms with a relative advantage in the struggle for survival and reproduction would be able to pass their characteristics on to further generations.

Despite most portrayals of Darwin conveying him as a non-aggressive recluse who let others fight his battles, Darwin remained all his life a man nearly obsessed with the ideas of competition, struggle and conquest – with all forms of human contact as confrontation.

In his reply Darwin said that he had to use this shorthand to save incessantly having to expand it into a formula such as " the tendency to the preservation ( owing to the severe struggle for life to which all organic beings at some time or generation are exposed ) of any the slightest variation in any part, which is of the slightest use or favourable to the life of the individual which has thus varied ; together with the tendency to its inheritance ".

In June, Karl Marx saw the book as a " bitter satire " that showed " a basis in natural science for class struggle in history ", in which " Darwin recognizes among beasts and plants his English society ".

Lyell was convinced that animals were also driven to spread their territory by overpopulation, but Darwin went further in applying the Whig social thinking of struggle for survival with no handouts.

Darwin was well prepared to see at once that this related to de Candolle's concept of " nature's war " and also applies to the struggle for existence amongst wildlife, so that when there is more population than resources can maintain, favourable variations that allow the organism to better use the limited resources available tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones destroyed by being unable to get the means for existence, resulting in the formation of new species.

When Darwin, who had read Cobbe's review of Mill, answered that Mill '" could learn some things " from biology, and that the " struggle for existence " produced man's special " vigour and courage " from battling " for the possession of women ", she offered him a copy of Kant on the " moral sense " to sort out his ethical problems, but he declined.

On the other side, Darwin's ideas on evolution were welcomed by liberal theologians and by a new generation of salaried professional scientists ; the men who would later come to form the X Club supported Darwin, and saw his work as a great stride in the struggle for freedom from clerical interference in science.