Administrative law in the People's Republic of China was virtually non-existent before the economic reform era initiated by Deng Xiaoping.

Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng, and gradually emerged as the de facto leader over the next few years.

Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head of the party or state, and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms.

From the time of Deng Xiaoping onwards, there has been a drift of focus towards a Marxist-inspired, moderated by Conficianism, nationalist perspective, and consideration of China's contemporary international status became of paramount importance in historical studies.

The Communist Party's ideology was redefined under Deng Xiaoping to incorporate principles of market economics, and the corresponding reforms enabled rapid and sustained economic growth.

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " and brought all state apparatuses back under the rule of the CPC.

During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their death this has been abolished since 1992.

Following the death of Mao in 1976, however, the CPC under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform.

Deng's vision for economic success and a new socialist market model became entrenched in the Party constitution in 1997 as Deng Xiaoping Theory.

Deng Xiaoping ( Pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng, ; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997 ) was a politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China who led China towards a market economy.

Deng Xiaoping at age 16, studying in France.

cy: Deng Xiaoping

da: Deng Xiaoping

de: Deng Xiaoping

et: Deng Xiaoping

es: Deng Xiaoping

eo: Deng Xiaoping

eu: Deng Xiaoping

fr: Deng Xiaoping

id: Deng Xiaoping

is: Deng Xiaoping

it: Deng Xiaoping

jv: Deng Xiaoping

ku: Deng Xiaoping

nl: Deng Xiaoping

Born into a peasant background in Guang ' an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism-Leninism.

Deng was instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s.

Deng was born into an ethnically Hakka Han family in Paifang village ( 牌坊村 ), Xiexing township ( 协兴镇 ), Guang ' an County in Sichuan province, approximately 160 km from Chongqing ( formerly spelled Chungking ).

" Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a middle-level landowner and had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in Chengdu.

At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

China's new leaders Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping both visited North Korea in 1978, although they failed to reach a common understanding on relations with the Soviet Union ( Beijing was not on friendly terms with Moscow during the 1970s, while Pyongyang continued its usual balancing act ).

For example, Deng Xiaoping was never the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China or President, Premier of China, yet he was the leader of China for a decade.

Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Deng's national policies.

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

" Twelve-year-old Alokor Ngor Deng was taken as a slave in 1993.

* July 22 – The purged Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power 9 months after the " Gang of Four " was expelled from power in a coup d ' état.

With the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms, the need for reconstructing a legal system to restrain abuses of official authority and revolutionary excesses was seen.

When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An ( r. 106 – 125 CE ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( 李閏 ) and Jiang Jing ( 江京 ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him.

Deng Xiaoping appointed three party General Secretaries, all designed to be successors, and was instrumental in the ousting of two of them, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang.

#* Significance: Held at the culmination of the " Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ," Mao's Party is decimated from infighting ; People's Liberation Army ( PLA ) influence on Party administration pronounced ; few members appointed to power during the previous Party Congress survive the 9th Congress politically ; former State Chairman and second-ranking Liu Shaoqi ( arrested 1966 ) and former CPC General Secretary Deng Xiaoping labelled " traitorous scabs and renegades "; Defence Minister Lin Biao becomes CPC Vice Chairman and Mao's " closest comrade-in-arms ", and is designated constitutionally as Mao's successor ; Mao's " thought " reinserted into CPC Party Constitution.

Many of Cao's associates, such as Deng Yang ( 鄧颺 ), Li Sheng ( 李勝 ), He Yan ( 何晏 ), and Ding Mi ( 丁謐 ), were appointed as high-ranking officials.

After thwarting the 1976 coup d ’ état by the radical Gang of Four, who argued for ideologic purity at the expense of internal development, the Chinese Communist Party politically rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping, and appointed him head of the internal modernization programs in 1977.

Recognizing the gap, the UN Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali appointed Francis Deng in 1992 as his representative for internally displaced persons.

Seventeen days after the divorce, on 25 June 1999, Rupert Murdoch, then 68, married Wendi Deng, then 30, a newly appointed vice-president of Murdoch's STAR TV.

But on October 17, President Omar al-Bashir moved Akol to the less important post of Minister of Cabinet Affairs and appointed Deng Alor, a leading SPLM member ( member of the SPLM political bureau ) who had previously been the Minister of Cabinet Affairs, to replace Akol as Foreign Minister.