In 1988 Deng Xiaoping raised Li to the role of Premier of State Council.

The agreement was raised by Deng Xiaoping to deal with Hong Kong's reunification with the People's Republic of China in 1997, and stipulated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984.

After Deng gained control of the military he recalled Yang, raised him to the position of general, and gave Yang the responsibility of modernizing China's army, which Deng considered backward and larger than necessary.

Wendi Deng Murdoch was born in Jinan, Shandong, and raised in Xuzhou, Jiangsu.

Other participants in the March also went on to become prominent party leaders, including Zhu De, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Yang Shangkun, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.

Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization, a position which Deng eventually came to identify with.

Yang reached the height of his political career after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire.

On the eve of the Cultural Revolution Yang was identified as a supporter of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, and was purged as a counter-revolutionary.

After being ejected from the Communist Party and removed from all positions, Yang was persecuted by Red Guards, who accused Yang of planting a covert listening device to spy on Mao, the same accusation shared by Deng Xiaoping.

Yang remained in prison until Mao died and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, in 1978.

Yang had a close friendship with Deng and shared many of Deng's long-term economic goals, but was far less enthusiastic about the agenda of political liberalization promoted by other senior leaders favoured by Deng, including Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, Wan Li, and Hu Qili.

When Deng began to groom Jiang Zemin ( a former governor of Shanghai ) to succeed him as paramount leader, Yang resisted Jiang's leadership, and Deng successfully forced Yang to retire in 1992, along with some of his family.

** Wan Li, Xi Zhongxun, Deng Liqun, Yang Yong, Yu Qiuli, Gu Mu, Chen Pixian, Hu Qili, Yao Yilin

Many of Cao's associates, such as Deng Yang ( 鄧颺 ), Li Sheng ( 李勝 ), He Yan ( 何晏 ), and Ding Mi ( 丁謐 ), were appointed as high-ranking officials.

Quickly, Cao's associates, including Deng Yang ( 鄧颺 ), Li Sheng ( 李勝 ), He Yan ( 何晏 ), and Ding Mi ( 丁謐 ), who were known for their talents but lack of wisdom, all became powerful, and they excluded other officials who would not associate with them from positions of power.

While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ( the highest position in Communist China ), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992.

By 1982 Hu's position made him the second most powerful person in China, after Deng Xiaoping.

After Hu's dismissal, Deng promoted Zhao Ziyang to replace Hu as Party General Secretary, putting Zhao in a position to succeed Deng as " paramount leader ".

The promotion of a conservative, Li Peng, to the position of Premier after Hu's departure from executive-level positions made the government less enthusiastic to pursue reform, and upset plans of an orderly succession of power from Deng Xiaoping to Hu.

As a result, Deng was denounced as a capitalist roader and stripped of his position as vice premier, although he retained his party membership.

Deng promoted Zhao to a position as an alternate member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China in 1977, and as a full member in 1979.

After Hu's dismissal, Deng promoted Zhao to replace Hu as CPC General Secretary, putting Zhao in the position to succeed Deng as " paramount leader ".

Although many believe Hu was originally hand-picked by Deng as the youngest member of China's top leadership and a leading candidate to succeed Jiang, he had exercised a great deal of political skills between 1992 and 2002 to consolidate his position, and eventually emerged as Jiang's heir apparent in his own right.

Another modern example was Deng Xiaoping in China, who was recognized as China's paramount leader without holding the position of either General Secretary or President.

In the case of Deng Xiaoping, because of his prestige, he was able to exercise considerable power after his retirement, in part from his position as CMC Chairman.

Most other senior leaders, including Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping, supported Peng's position before Mao began to attack it, indicating that they shared Peng's views and that they did not see Peng's letter as an attack on the Chairman.

The era began with Hua Guofeng as the ( some say self-anointed ) successor to Mao, but power soon shifted to Deng Xiaoping as the paramount leader, in which position he remained at least until 1992 when he resigned from his leadership positions.

However, Hua's position was soon eclipsed by the ascendancy of Deng Xiaoping.

This, coupled with later references by officials trying to persuade Emperor Ai against giving his male lover Dong Xian too much authority — during which those officials analogized Dong's position to Deng's — has led to speculation that Emperor Wen had a homosexual relationship with Deng.

While resistance to Wan remaining on the PBSC had to yield to Deng Xiaoping's wishes, the conservatives were able to block Wan's elevation to the State Presidency, a position handed to General Yang Shangkun.

Three years after Mao died, in 1979, Deng Xiaoping led an effort to rehabilitate members of the Communist Party who had been persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and Bo was released from prison and reinstated as a member of the Politburo, and to his former position of vice premier.

Luol Deng ( born April 16, 1985 ) is a British professional basketball player who plays at the small forward position for the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls.

After Huang performed a speech in front of the army to boost the morale, Zhuge Zhan asked Deng to attack his position.

In Beijing, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were once again the targets of criticism, but others also pointed at the wrongdoings of the Vice Premier, Tao Zhu.

These three, together with the newly rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping and bodyguard coup leader Wang Dongxing were elected party Vice Chairmen at the August 1977 11th National Party Congress.

#* Significance: Held at the culmination of the " Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ," Mao's Party is decimated from infighting ; People's Liberation Army ( PLA ) influence on Party administration pronounced ; few members appointed to power during the previous Party Congress survive the 9th Congress politically ; former State Chairman and second-ranking Liu Shaoqi ( arrested 1966 ) and former CPC General Secretary Deng Xiaoping labelled " traitorous scabs and renegades "; Defence Minister Lin Biao becomes CPC Vice Chairman and Mao's " closest comrade-in-arms ", and is designated constitutionally as Mao's successor ; Mao's " thought " reinserted into CPC Party Constitution.

The initiative was announced by then party Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping in 1978 ; under the plan market forces would be brought to bear on the Chinese economy and China's " doors would be opened " to foreign capital and entrepreneurs.

The treaty went into effect on October 23rd, 1978 with the state visit of Vice Premier of the PRC Deng Xiaoping ( 1904 – 1997 ) to Japan.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

During the Tiananmen protests of 1989, Li used his authority as Premier to declare martial law, and in cooperation with Deng Xiaoping, who was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, to order the June 1989 military crackdown against student pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.

Hua spearheaded what became known as the Two Whatevers, namely, “ Whatever policy originated from Chairman Mao, we must continue to support ,” and “ Whatever directions were given to us from Chairman Mao, we must continue to follow .” Like Deng, Hua wanted to reverse the damage of the Cultural Revolution ; but unlike Deng, who wanted to propose new economic models for China, Hua intended to move the Chinese economic and political system towards Soviet-style planning of the early 1950s.

Deng remained the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, but formal power was transferred to a new generation of pragmatic reformers, who reversed Cultural Revolution policies almost in their entirety.

At the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, after which Deng Xiaoping became the de facto leader of China as his idea for economic reform was adopted by the Party, Hua Guofeng was implicitly criticized for serving concurrently as Chairman of the Central Committee, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Premier of the State Council.

Thus in 1982, China perceivably had four main leaders: Hu Yaobang, the Party General Secretary ; Zhao Ziyang, the Premier ; Li Xiannian, the President ; and Deng Xiaoping, the " Paramount Leader ", holding title of the CMC Chairman.

In 1989, then Premier Li Peng, in cooperation with the then Chairman of the Central Military Commission Deng Xiaoping, was able to use the office of the Premier to declare martial law in Beijing and order the military crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

In 2003, Jiang was also re-elected to the post of Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPC, a post from which Deng Xiaoping was able to wield power from behind the scenes as ' paramount leader ', thus retaining military power.

The Chairman of the CMC was twice in its history held by a senior official who had given up his other posts, as in the case of Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin.

CMC Chairman Deng Xiaoping proposed the imposition martial law and the use of armed soldiers to suppress unarmed demonstrations in Beijing.

* Deng Xiaoping ( 1904 – 1997 ), " Paramount Leader ", Politburo Standing Committee member 1977 – 1987, Political Consultative Conference chairman 1978 – 1983, Central Military Commission Chairman 1980 – 1989, Central Advisory Commission chairman 1982 – 1987

Individuals can hold multiple top leadership titles but also be unable to claim to be the de facto ruler as was the case with Chairman Hua Guofeng, when " Paramount leader " Deng Xiaoping was present.

Chen joined forces with Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping to manage the economy in the post-Great Leap Forward period, which required deft handling of Chairman Mao's sensitivity to criticism.

His only public appearance during this time was a photograph of him published on the front page of the People's Daily and other major newspapers on May 1, 1962, showing a somewhat emaciated Chen shaking hands with Chairman Mao, while Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Deng Xiaoping ( the entire inner core of leadership of that time, with the exception of Lin Biao ) look on.