Administrative law in the People's Republic of China was virtually non-existent before the economic reform era initiated by Deng Xiaoping.

Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head of the party or state, and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms.

The Communist Party's ideology was redefined under Deng Xiaoping to incorporate principles of market economics, and the corresponding reforms enabled rapid and sustained economic growth.

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " and brought all state apparatuses back under the rule of the CPC.

During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their death this has been abolished since 1992.

Deng Xiaoping ( Pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng, ; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997 ) was a politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China who led China towards a market economy.

Born into a peasant background in Guang ' an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism-Leninism.

Deng was instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s.

Deng was born into an ethnically Hakka Han family in Paifang village ( 牌坊村 ), Xiexing township ( 协兴镇 ), Guang ' an County in Sichuan province, approximately 160 km from Chongqing ( formerly spelled Chungking ).

" Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a middle-level landowner and had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in Chengdu.

At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

China's new leaders Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping both visited North Korea in 1978, although they failed to reach a common understanding on relations with the Soviet Union ( Beijing was not on friendly terms with Moscow during the 1970s, while Pyongyang continued its usual balancing act ).

For example, Deng Xiaoping was never the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China or President, Premier of China, yet he was the leader of China for a decade.

Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Deng's national policies.

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

" Twelve-year-old Alokor Ngor Deng was taken as a slave in 1993.

* July 22 – The purged Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power 9 months after the " Gang of Four " was expelled from power in a coup d ' état.

With the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms, the need for reconstructing a legal system to restrain abuses of official authority and revolutionary excesses was seen.

When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An ( r. 106 – 125 CE ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( 李閏 ) and Jiang Jing ( 江京 ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him.

On October 10, 1966, Mao's ally, General Lin Biao, publicly criticized Liu and Deng as " capitalist roaders " and threats.

Years of resentment over the Cultural Revolution, the public persecution of Deng Xiaoping ( who was seen as Zhou's ally ), and the prohibition against publicly mourning Zhou became associated with each other shortly after Zhou's death, leading to popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.

In September, Hua Guofeng resigned, and Zhao Ziyang, another Deng ally, was named Premier.

Although succeeded by Hua Guofeng, it was Deng Xiaoping, Zhou's ally, who was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and eventually take Mao's place as Paramount leader by 1977.

After Mao died in 1976, Peng's old ally, Deng Xiaoping, emerged as China's paramount leader.

Mao died in 1976 ; and, following a brief power struggle, Peng's former ally, Deng Xiaoping, emerged as the paramount leader of China.

Liu Bei then consulted Kong Rong and Chen Deng, who advised him to switch ally and seek confirmation from the leading warlord, Yuan Shao.

While not named above, Deng Xiaoping, the core of the second generation of leadership, also played a key role in the first generation at various times, mainly as an ally of Zhou and Peng, but was purged from government in 1976 and remained sidelined at the time of Mao's death.

During the Cultural Revolution he was attacked as an ally of Peng and Liu Shaoqi ; he was rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping after Mao's death.

By the early 1960s, many of the Great Leap's economic policies were reversed by initiatives spearheaded by Liu, Deng, and Zhou Enlai.

By 1962, while Zhou, Liu and Deng managed affairs of state and the economy, Mao had effectively withdrawn from economic decision-making, and focused much of his time on further contemplating his contributions to Marxist-Leninist social theory, including the idea of " continuous revolution ".

Deng Xiaoping was himself sent away for a period of re-education three times, and was eventually sent to work in an engine factory until he was brought back years later by Zhou Enlai.

With a fragile economy and Zhou falling ill to cancer, Deng Xiaoping resumed his political career as Vice-Premier in April 1973, in the first of a series of promotions approved by Mao.

Deng's return set the scene for a protracted factional struggle between the radical Gang of Four and moderates led by Zhou and Deng.

At the time, Jiang Qing and associates held effective control of mass media and the party's propaganda network, while Zhou and Deng held control of most government organs.

On January 15 Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao himself, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou.

The Premier, Zhou Enlai, who had accepted the Cultural Revolution but never fully supported it, regained his authority, and used it to bring Deng Xiaoping back into the Party leadership at the 10th Party Congress in 1973.

Near the end of Mao's life, a power struggle occurred between the Gang of Four and the alliance of Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and Ye Jianying.

It was in this society that Zhou first met his future wife, Deng Yingchao.

Zhou and six other group members wound up going to Europe in the next two years, and Zhou eventually married the group's youngest member, Deng Yingchao.

It was in Zhou's capacity as general editor of this magazine that Zhou first met Deng Xiaoping, only seventeen years old, who Zhou hired to operate a mimeograph ( copy ) machine.

Zhou had kept in touch with Deng Yingchao, who he had met in the Awakening Society while in Tianjin ; and, in January 1925, Zhou asked for and received permission from CCP authorities to marry Deng.

Following a major reshuffling of official roles, Mao became the chairman of the Military Commission, with Zhou and Deng Xiaoping as vice-chairmen.

Other participants in the March also went on to become prominent party leaders, including Zhu De, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Yang Shangkun, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.

In the early 1960s, President Liu Shaoqi, Party General Secretary Deng Xiaoping, and Premier Zhou Enlai took over direction of the party and adopted pragmatic economic policies at odds with Mao's communitarian vision, and disbanded communes, attempting to rework the system to pre-Leap standards.

Deng, Zhou, and Liu all seem to have concluded that Mao's policies were irrational and so they would run things while using him as an empty symbol for the people to rally around.

This move was suggested by Zhou Enlai, and Mao agreed, deciding that Deng was " 70 % correct, 30 % wrong ".

From their failed attempts at defaming popular Premier Zhou Enlai, the Gang launched a media campaign against the emerging Deng Xiaoping, who they deemed to be a serious political challenge.