Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807, but the first known device for recording airborne speech, music and other sounds is the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by French typesetter and inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.

Direct realism defines perception as perception of external objects where an ' external object ' is allowed to be a photon in the eye but not an impulse in a nerve leading from the eye.

Direct objects may additionally be marked by adding the object suffix pronouns to the verb: e. g. yabiddi täšakkunnət " I asked my father " ( lit.

) Direct external access to variables is also not supported ; all interaction between objects is carried out through function calls ( notwithstanding that data structures pointed to by variables are independent of objects and changes to them are visible in all objects referencing those data structures simultaneously, and that some drivers have privileged functions allowing a cumbersome form of external variable access that permits inspection but not mutation ).

Null objects occur with anaphoric Direct Objects, that is, those whose referents can be understood from the prior or ongoing discourse context as well as sufficiently salience in that context to be encoded pronominally.

Direct causation is the only theory that addresses only causation, and does not take into account the culpability of the original actor.

Direct train journeys to London take just over an hour, and to Brighton, a few minutes.

Direct action occurs when a group of people take an action which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue.

Holtom, an artist and designer, made it for a march from Trafalgar Square, London to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston in England, organised by the Direct Action Committee to take place in April and supported by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ).

Direct substitution of the number that x approaches into any of these expressions leads to the indeterminate form 0 / 0, but the limits take many different values.

Shortly after take off, XM598, commanded by Squadron Leader John Reeve, suffered a pressurisation failure ( a rubber seal on the " Direct Vision " side window had perished ) and was forced to return to Ascension.

Direct charter flights from Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) take place twice a week.

' Direct action ' means that an organized group will take any action, illegal as well as legal, that it believes will bring about the reform, changes, or objective it seeks.

Inaugurated in 1922 and originally housed in the Coliseum, on the grounds of Exhibition Place, the event has expanded to also take up the Direct Energy National Trade Centre and remains an important exhibit for livestock breeders.

The novels take place during the reigns of the last five Direct Capetian kings and the first two Valois kings, from Philip the Fair to John II.

Direct elections take place to the European Parliament every five years.

Students who wish to enrol in the school via Direct School Admission ( DSA ) have to take an entrance exam which involves two papers, Mathematics and Science, and this is preceded by an interview with a teacher.

Direct hits by the Walleye against the Thanh Hoa Bridge south of Hanoi in 1967 failed to take down even a single span of this notoriously strong structure.

Services leave London Waterloo along the South Western Main Line and fork off at Woking to take the actual Portsmouth Direct Line.

Direct entry candidates with the Abitur high school diploma can also take these courses.

The dissidents broke off to form another organization to be called the Coalition for Direct Action at Seabrook ( CDAS ) which would take more militant but still nonviolent action on the site.

In the 1998 Direct To Video series, Ultra Seven once used one of the capsules to incapacitate a member of the new Ultra Garrison in order to take his place.

Paul Hartley prepares to take a Direct free kick | free kick in an Edinburgh derby match played on 26 December 2006.

This study uses horizontally landing, bent biconic shaped modules, and relies on solar power and chemical propulsion throughout, where Mars Direct and the DRMs used nuclear reactors for surface power and, in the case of the DRMs for propulsion as well.

Direct transmission of the virus from American Crows to humans is not recorded to date, and in any case not considered likely.

In addition, after the cancellation, excess numbers of the Phoebe 2100 yellow NLX case were sold by CTA Direct, sometimes including an NLX compatible PC.

The 700 was a compact model using the same case dimensions as the Macintosh IIci, with a Processor Direct Slot ( PDS ) expansion slot, while the latter was a newly designed tower case with five NuBus expansion slots and one PDS slot.

The standard 18 " DBS antennas used by other providers are not compatible with this system as the signals differ in both frequency and polarization, because Shaw Direct is relayed via FSS satellites, Anik F1 and F2 in this case.

The Macintosh IIsi was a compact three-box desktop unit, effectively a cut-down Macintosh IIci in a smaller case ( used for no other Macintosh model ), made cheaper by the redesign of the motherboard and the deletion of all but one of the expansion card slots ( a single Processor Direct Slot ).

Direct review means that the Supreme Court hears cases directly upon appeal without the case first going to the Court of Appeals.

When, in March 1972, Direct rule was instated, the practice did not cease altogether, and at the end of 1972 the European Commission of Human Rights accepted a second case on behalf of victims of the practice.

Direct or positive evidence is when a witness can be called to testify to the precise fact which is the subject of the issue in trial ; that is, in a case of homicide, that the party accused did cause the death of the deceased.

At the public consultation meeting held on 12 April 2012, an international consultant informed ICTA that their proposal was clumsy and they do not have a case for re-delegation, because their proposed model is inappropriate and will need to reach an amicable settlement with the current sponsoring organization " Internet Direct Ltd ".

The inner-edge of the album's CD case reveals the hidden message " A Fire Inside ", a lyric from the introductory track " Keeping Out of Direct Sunlight ( An Introduction )".

In March 2008, Direct Revenue was granted a motion to dismiss all the OAG's allegations and the case was dismissed.

Cty., March 12, 2008 ), a New York trial court dismissed the attorney general's deceptive-and-illegal-business-practices case against Direct Revenue.

Finally, it held, disgorgement of profits would not be an appropriate remedy in this case ; Direct Revenue distributed its adware client free of charge and took nothing of value from consumers who downloaded it.

Direct defense: In case of a conventional Soviet attack ( meaning non-nuclear or this would be considered a first strike ) initial efforts would be to try and stop the Soviet advance with conventional weapons.

Direct interaction of diseases is in the case of genetic recombination among different pathogens, for instance between Avian sarcoma leukosis virus and Marek's disease virus ( MDV ) in domestic fowl.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

Three APIs are available — a Direct Persistence Layer which is " Plain Old Java Objects " ( POJO ); one which is based on the Java Collections Framework ( an object persistence approach ); and one based on the traditional Berkeley DB API.

** Direct liquid injection CVD ( DLICVD ) – A CVD process in which the precursors are in liquid form ( liquid or solid dissolved in a convenient solvent ).

Direct fuel injection which can inject fuel only at the time of fuel ignition ( similar to a diesel engine ) is another recent development which also allows for higher compression ratios on gasoline engines.

# Direct contempt is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge ( in facie curiae ) and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice.

Direct examination is usually performed to elicit evidence in support of facts which will satisfy a required element of a party's claim or defense.

Direct linkage is available with Mozambique, however, which has the same gauge track.

Since it was first proposed as a part of Mars Direct, the Mars Habitat Unit has been adopted by NASA as a part of their Mars Design Reference Mission, which utilizes two Mars Habitat Units-one of which flies to Mars unmanned, providing a dedicated laboratory facility on Mars, together with the capacity to carry a larger rover vehicle.

Mars Direct was featured on a Discovery Channel programs Mars: The Next Frontier in which issues were discussed surrounding NASA funding of the project, and on Mars Underground, where the plan is discussed more in-depth.

These were followed by Gregory Benford's The Martian Race ( 1999 ), Geoffrey A. Landis's Mars Crossing ( 2000 ), and Robert Zubrin's First Landing ( 2002 ), which took as their starting points the smaller and more focussed expedition strategies evolved in the late 1990s, mostly building on the concepts of Mars Direct.

Direct causation is a minority test, which addresses only the metaphysical concept of causation.

From 1881 until 1962, Stow was served by Stow-on-the-Wold railway station which was on the Great Western Railway's Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway.

* Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life ;

The Direct Rendering Infrastructure ( DRI ), which aims to provide a reliable kernel-level interface to the framebuffer, may make these efforts redundant.

The IWW founded the Anti-Conscription League ( ACL ) in which IWW members worked with the broader labour and peace movement, and also carried on an aggressive propaganda campaign in its own name ; leading to the imprisonment of Tom Barker ( 1887 – 1970 ) the editor of the IWW paper Direct Action, sentenced to twelve months in March 1916.

Direct distance dialing ( DDD ) or direct dial is a telecommunications term for a network-provided service feature in which a call originator may, without operator assistance, call any other user outside the local calling area.

Direct current may be obtained from an alternating current supply by use of a current-switching arrangement called a rectifier, which contains electronic elements ( usually ) or electromechanical elements ( historically ) that allow current to flow only in one direction.

Through owner Mike Ashley, the club also has a relationship with the Sports Direct retail chain which he founded.

Direct microwave exposure is not generally possible, as microwaves emitted by the source in a microwave oven are confined in the oven by the material out of which the oven is constructed.