Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

Distributism therefore advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership and, according to co-operative economist Race Mathews, maintains that such a system is key to bringing about a just social order.

Distributism sees the family of two parents and their child or children as the central and primary social unit of human ordering and the principal unit of a functioning distributist society and civilization.

Distributism favors the elimination of social security on the basis that it further alienates man by making him more dependent on the Servile State.

Christian democracy has evolved considerably since then, and it is no longer the Catholic ideology of Distributism, although it is based on Catholic social teaching, as outlined in the 2006 official " Catechism of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church ".

Indeed, Distributism in Catholic social teaching such as Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno resembles a Mutualist society based on Cooperatives, while Pope John Paul II's Catechism of the Catholic Church states " She ( the Church ) has ... refused to accept, in the practice of " capitalism ," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor.

Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter Rerum Novarum, which advocated economic Distributism and condemned both Capitalism and Socialism, although its roots can be traced to the writings of Catholic thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine of Hippo, and is also derived from concepts present in the Bible.

Consequently, the periodical served for its brief period as a highly successful national platform for English Distributism, which advocated broad property ownership, local means of production, and subsistence farming.

Distributism reflects this doctrine most evidently by promoting the family, rather than the individual, as the basic type of owner ; that is, distributism seeks to ensure that most families, rather than most individuals, will be owners of productive property.

Chesterton thought that Distributism would benefit from the discipline that theoretical analysis imposes, and that distributism is best seen as a widely encompassing concept inside of which any number of interpretations and perspectives can fit.

Distributism is known to have had an influence on the economist E. F. Schumacher, a convert to Catholicism.

Distributism favors the dissolution of the current private bank system, or more specifically its profit-making basis in charging interest.

* Distributism as a means of achieving third way economics, a paper for the Secular Party of Australia written by Richard Howard of the Humanist Society of New South Wales

In addition to featuring essays by many critics of modernity, The American Review also became the a vehicle for spreading the ideas associated with English Distributism, the supporters of which included G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.

Distributism appears to have one of its greatest influences in anti-trust legislation in America and Europe designed to break up monopolies and excessive concentration of market power in one or only a few companies, trusts, interests, or cartels.

Workers ' cooperatives are also central to ideas of Autonomism, Distributism, Mutualism, Syndicalism, Participatory economics, Guild socialism, Libertarian socialism as well as others.

Distributism has often been described in opposition to both socialism and capitalism, which distributists see as equally flawed and exploitive.

Distributism puts great emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity.

Distributism promotes a society of artisans and culture.

Distributism does not attach itself to one national political party or another in any part of the world, but it has influenced Christian Democratic parties in Continental Europe and the Democratic Labor Party in Australia.

Some Distributists claim that the rhetorical marketing of this policy was influenced by aphorisms of the Distributist ideology and promotes Distributism.

Distributism.

* Sagar, S. Distributism.

Some may claim the Catholic Social Teaching ( see Distributism ) of subsidiarity contradicts Ultramontanism and accuse it of decentralizing the Roman Catholic Church, whereas others defend it as merely a bureaucratic adjustment to give more pastoral responsibility to local bishops and pastors of local parishes.

The Flag Group did some ideological work of its own, and the ideas of Social Credit and Distributism were popular, but the chief preoccupation was still race relations.

" For classical liberalism, rights are of a negative nature — rights that require that other individuals ( and governments ) refrain from interfering with individual liberty, whereas social liberalism ( also called modern liberalism or welfare liberalism ) holds that individuals have a right to be provided with certain benefits or services by others.

This principle holds that no larger unit ( whether social, economic, or political ) should perform a function which can be performed by a smaller unit.

The notion of a social contract holds that the nation — either the whole people or the electorate — gives a mandate, through acclamation or election.

Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France.

* Legal positivism, by contrast to natural law, holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts although positivists differ on what those facts are.

The principle of " methodological individualism ," which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities ( such as nations, cultures, governments, churches, corporations, etc.

Social Darwinism is a social theory which holds that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a model, not only for the development of biological traits in a population, but also as an application for human social institutions — the existing social institutions being implicitly declared as normative.

Objectivism holds that the only social system which fully recognizes individual rights is capitalism, specifically what Rand described as " full, pure, uncontrolled, unregulated laissez-faire capitalism.

Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions ; in this sense, " creativity " and development in Jewish law is limited.

Furthermore, Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions ; in this sense, " creativity " and development in Jewish law is held to have been limited.

In particular, Marxism and socialists inspired by Marxist theory, holds that social mores, values, cultural traits and economic practices are social creations, and are not the result of an immutable natural law.

Social constructivism holds that truth is constructed by social processes, is historically and culturally specific, and that it is in part shaped through the power struggles within a community.

The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some society, which usually has a government, people give consent to join that society and be governed by its government, if any.

Another viewpoint on sex education, historically inspired by sexologists like Wilhelm Reich and psychologists like Sigmund Freud and James W. Prescott, holds that what is at stake in sex education is control over the body and liberation from social control.

This second concept is reminiscent of the social constructivist approach, which holds that mathematics is produced by humans rather than being " discovered " from abstract, a priori truths.

It holds the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.

Quincy, the county seat, holds a high number of social conservative catholics and likewise is the home to the campus of Quincy University, a private catholic liberal arts college, and the Western Catholic Union.

But the pattern holds quite well across many subjects, and may well be a general pattern for human interactions in social systems.

** " Essentialist primordialism " further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is basically unchanged by it.

It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.