It is unclear what the reality was, but the Kingdom of Dotawo, prominently mentioned in the Qasr Ibrim documents, might be one of these sub-kingdoms.

It was nominally annexed to Mamluk Egypt by Baybars in 1276, but continued to be at least partially ruled by autonomous Christian kings at Dotawo until its conquest by Sennar in 1504.

One Arab writer reports that the Beja region was structured with thirteen lesser kings under one " Great King ," and Dotawo could have been one of these vassal kingdoms.

Dotawo could be another name, or it could refer to an entirely separate kingdom.

Over time the people of Nobatia gradually converted and married into Arab clans such as the Banu Kanz, although some remained independent in the Christian kingdom of Dotawo until its conquest by Sennar in 1504.

The Eparch even seems to have had far more dealings with the king of Dotawo than his overlord the king of Makuria.

Some parts were overrun by the Banu Kanz and others were held by the Christian kings at Dotawo.

The Qasr Ibrim find contains many documents relating to relations between the Eparch of Nobatia and the King of Dotawo.

One explanation for this is that Dotawo is simply another name for Makuria.

The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible — often beginning with books from the New Testament — into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Persian, Soghdian, and eventually Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Arabic, and Nubian.

As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest recorded Nilo-Saharan language ( earliest records dating to the 9th century ).

The Old Nubian language and the modern Nobiin borrowed many words of Coptic origin.

The Old Nubian alphabet — used to write Old Nubian, a Nilo-Saharan language — is written mainly in an uncial Greek alphabet, which borrows Coptic and Meroitic letters of Demotic origin into its inventory.

Related to this are the Demotic signs of the Meroitic script and the borrowed Demotic characters used in the Coptic alphabet and Old Nubian.

This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, referring to various Nubian chieftains, and as early as the Middle Kingdom, referring to the Semitic chieftains of Syria and Canaan.

The Lappet-faced Vulture or Nubian Vulture ( Torgos tracheliotos ) is a mostly African Old World vulture belonging to the bird order Accipitriformes, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards and hawks.

Also dating from the same period are the Syriac, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ethiopic and Georgian translations.

Old Nubian is preserved in at least a hundred pages of documents, mostly of a Christian religious nature, written with an uncial variety of the Greek alphabet, extended with three Coptic letters and three unique to Old Nubian, apparently derived from Meroitic.

These documents range in date from the 8th to the 15th century A. D. Old Nubian is currently considered ancestral to modern Nobiin.

There are three currently active proposals for a Nubian alphabet: based on the Arabic script, the Latin script, and the Old Nubian alphabet.

Since the 1950s, Latin has been used by 4 authors, Arabic by 2, and Old Nubian by 1, in the publication of various books of proverbs, dictionaries, and textbooks.

The Old Nubian language is attested from the 8th century, and is thus the oldest recorded language of Africa outside of the Afro-Asiatic group.

The first mention of the Medjay in written records dates back to the Old Kingdom, when they were listed among other Nubian peoples by Weni, who was at the time a general serving under Pepi I.

The Kingdom of Makuria ( Old Nubian: Ⲙⲁⲕⲟⲩⲣⲓⲁ, Makouria ;, al-Muqurra ) was a kingdom located in what is today Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt.

A page from an Old Nubian translation of Liber Institutionis Michaelis Archangelis from the 9th – 10th century, found at Qasr Ibrim, now housed in the British Museum.

These documents were written in the Old Nubian language in an uncial variety of the Greek alphabet extended with some Coptic symbols and some symbols unique to Nubian.

The Batavi were mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Commentarii de Bello Gallico, as living on an island formed by the Rhine River after it splits, one arm being the Waal the other the Lower Rhine / Old Rhine ( hence the Latin name Insula Batavorum, " Island of the Batavi ").

* " Lower Village / Town ", where present-day Old Town stands, was the oldest of the three villages.

Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The names of Silesia in the different languages most likely share their etymology — Latin and English: Silesia ; Polish: Śląsk ; Old Polish: Ślążsk ; Silesian: Ślůnsk ; German: Schlesien ; Silesian German: Schläsing ; Czech: Slezsko ; Slovak: Sliezsko ; Kashubian: Sląsk ; Upper Sorbian: Šleska ; Lower Sorbian: Šlazyńska.

In Quebec City, Canada, the Old Quebec Funicular has been operating since 1879, connecting the Haute-Ville ( Upper Town ) to the Basse-Ville ( Lower Town ).

In 1805, the Lower Creeks ceded their lands east of the Ocmulgee to Georgia, with the exception of the sacred burial mounds of the Ocmulgee Old Fields.

San Juan Bautista Creek: Juan Crespí, May 1 for the setting of the first international division line between Old or Lower California ( Dominicans ) and New or Upper California ( Franciscans ) five leagues to the north ( Valley of the Médanos ) being established by: Priest Francisco Palóu on 19 August 1773 ( Mojonera of Palou ) in compliance with the instructions put forth on the April 7, 1772 Concordato. Rosarito Historical Society, Baja California A. C. at The Mission, Baja California, on 20 May 1990.

* St. Mary's parish, Lower Heyford, Oxfordshire: remodelling of Old Rectory, 1867 ( now Tall Chimneys )

Hunstanton is notable for its stratified, fossiliferous cliffs: lower reddish limestone, known as ' red chalk ', which was laid down during the Lower Cretaceous Epoch and is topped by a white chalk layer from the Upper Cretaceous Epoch. The stratified red chalk limestone and white chalk cliff s on the beach at Old Hunstanton.

Until the 1980s and before the Fuzhou influx, what is now the western section of Chinatown or known as the Old Chinatown of Manhattan was the original size of Manhattan's Chinatown with The Bowery at the time serving as the original eastern borderline of Chinatown and this was where the Chinese population mostly concentrated on the Lower East Side, mostly the Cantonese.

Ladera Heights is portioned into three sections, known as " Upper Ladera ," " Lower Ladera " and " Old Ladera ".

The City of Wilmington has 9 Historic Districts, including the Baynard Boulevard, Kentmere Parkway, Rockford Park, Cool Spring / Tilton Park, the tri-part sections of the Eastside, St. Marys and Old Swedes Church, Quaker Hill, Delaware Avenue, Trinity Vicinity, and Upper / Lower Market Street.

** Jackman-Willett House, Lower Green vicinity, Newbury Old Town, MA

The Lower Link Building ( Lower Pillared Drawing Room ) was built in 1733 to link the Old Jacobean House to the new Villa.

While there are no large towns in the township, its most prominent villages are Old Zionsville, Powder Valley, Shimerville, Vera Cruz, and Zionsville ( also in Lower Milford Township.

Esholt Old HallIn the 12th century, the Esholt estate was owned by Syningthwaite Priory, and a nunnery was established there at Lower Esholt.

There is nothing more to be seen of the original fortified castle, where the present rear of the castle is located, but it is still possible to make out where the original divisions were ( the Old or Lower House, the Upper House and the Great House ).

Low Franconian, Low Frankish, or Istvaeonic, is a group of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium ( Flanders ), in the northern department of France, in western Germany ( Lower Rhine ), as well as in Suriname, South Africa and Namibia that originally descended from Old Frankish.

During the 1860s, when the Old College was under repair and the New College had yet to be built, both the Upper and Lower schools were housed in the building of Dulwich College Grammar School.

* Other languages: Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian, Kashubian, Polabian, Rusyn, Old Church Slavonic

It is located on the Old Canada Road ( U. S. Route 201 ), which between 1820 until 1860 served as the primary link between Lower Canada and Maine.

The basic framework for the southern Levant is, as follows: Paleolithic or Old Stone Age is often divided up into phases called, from early to late: Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic.

Lower Old Red Sandstone at Yesnaby, Orkney, cross-bedded Aeolian processes | aeolian sandstone

It is located at 2 Lower Albert Road in Central, next to the Hong Kong Fringe Club, and they both occupy the Old Dairy Farm Depot at the top of Ice House Street, one of the few remaining colonial buildings in core Central.