Downward comparison is when an individual compares themselves to someone who is considered beneath them.

Downward social comparison is a defensive tendency that people use as a means of self-evaluation.

Downward comparison theory emphasizes the positive effects of comparisons in increasing one ’ s subjective well-being ( Wills, 1981 ).

Social comparison activity under threat: Downward

* The opening sounds of " Mr. Self Destruct " on the Nine Inch Nails 1994 album The Downward Spiral is a sample from THX 1138 in which a man is being beaten by a prison guard.

Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth.

" On the ' Downward Control ' of Extratropical Diabatic Circulations by Eddy-Induced Mean Zonal Forces " Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 48, Issue 4 ( February 1991 ) pp. 651 – 678.

* Belzagor — A planet colonized by Earth, whose natives are the elephant-like nildoror, in Downward to the Earth by Robert Silverberg.

( Margaret Kartomi, 2011, Upward and Downward Classifications of Musical Instruments-musicology. ff, cuni. cz )

* Downward counterfactuals: We compare our situation with those even worse ( e. g., " Yes, I procrastinated and got a B-in the course, but I didn't fail like one other student did .").

While writing The Downward Spiral, Reznor lived in the Tate mansion where the Manson family murders took place.

Downward motion of the easterlies is usually more irregular than that of the westerlies.

* Industrial band Nine Inch Nails covered the song " Memorabilia " in 1994 which appeared on the " Closer " single and on their 10th anniversary re-release of The Downward Spiral during 2004.

In 1994, he worked again with Nine Inch Nails, this time on The Downward Spiral.

Downward they destroy another object.

Downward displacement ( or gravity-type ): As steam enters the chamber, it fills the upper areas first as it is less dense than air.

Downward compression reduces loud sounds over a certain threshold while quiet sounds remain unaffected.

This was only shown once during the original broadcast, was edited out of all repeats, and generally seen as a sign that the long-awaited follow-up to The Downward Spiral would be released early in 1999.

Non-standard egress systems include Downward Track ( used for some crew positions in bomber aircraft, including the B-52 Stratofortress ), Canopy Destruct ( CD ) and Through-Canopy Penetration ( TCP ), Drag Extraction, Encapsulated Seat, and even Crew Capsule.

Early models of the F-104 Starfighter were equipped with a Downward Track ejection seat due to the hazard of the T-tail.

2, 3: ' Downward ', PlayStation, & 4 ) – The host of the German volumes.

* YDKJ Vol. 3: ' Downward – carbon copy of U. S. Vol. 4 (" The Ride ") in German

It stated that two lines of equal length will always finish at the same place, while providing definitions for the comparison of lengths and for parallels, along with principles of space and bounded space.

Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles — principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem.

It had many differences from earlier editions in vowels, notes and lay-out, based on a comparison with old manuscripts and a correction of misprints based on analysis of grammatical principles.

At the 2009 General Assembly the delegates voted to create a global Manual that would be streamlined in comparison to recent Manuals, consist of the Foreword, and Parts I, II, and III of the current Manual, and would also include parts of the Manual that are global in scope, retaining the universally appropriate polity and principles.

The noteworthy proportional decline of the Third Order Regular in comparison to the First Order shows that the latter presents more attraction in the modern day, as it remains truest to its original principles.

Her extensive training, however, is still pale in comparison to the Doctor's own knowledge of the universe and scientific principles far beyond those of Earth.

It stated that two lines of equal length will always finish at the same place, while providing definitions for the comparison of lengths and for parallels, along with principles of space and bounded space.

However, the comparison ends there, as Liber XV is a celebration of the principles of Thelema.

The " Super ", however, proved elusive, and the calculations were incredibly difficult to perform, especially since there was no existing way to run small-scale tests of the principles involved ( in comparison, the properties of fission could be more easily probed with cyclotrons, newly created nuclear reactors, and various other tests ).

Studies suggest that knowledge of its existence and anatomy is scant in comparison to that of other sexual organs, and that more education about it could help alleviate social stigmas associated with the female body and female sexual pleasure ; for example, that the clitoris – and the vulva in general – are visually unappealing ; that female masturbation is taboo ; or that women's orgasms are something that " men are expected to master and control ".

* At present-day there is developing an interdisciplinary approach which aims at considering macroevolution at a transdisciplinary scale, and concentrates on the comparison between biological and social macroevolution as this gives new significant possibilities to understand peculiarities of each of the two types of macroevolution.

The most notable difference, according to Dana F. Sutton is that New Comedy, in comparison to Old Comedy, is “ devoid of a serious political, social or intellectual content ” and “ could be performed in any number of social and political settings without risk of giving offense ”.

It was shorter in length in comparison to the first and a little confusing if the reader is unaware of the social, religious, and economic situation of the community.

However, while on an empiricist view the evaluation is some sort of comparison with " reality ", social constructivists emphasize that the direction of mathematical research is dictated by the fashions of the social group performing it or by the needs of the society financing it.

However, countries have applied neoliberal policies at varying levels of intensity ; for example, the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ) has calculated that only 6 % of Swedish workers are beset with wages it considers low, and that Swedish wages are overall lower due to their lack of neoliberal policies John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer ( 2006 ) of the CEPR have analyzed the effects of intensive Anglo-American neoliberal policies in comparison to continental European neoliberalism, concluding " The U. S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration.

An explanation of how the peer pressure process works, called " the identity shift effect ", is introduced by social psychologist, Wendy Treynor, who weaves together Festinger's two seminal social-psychological theories ( on dissonance, which addresses internal conflict, and social comparison, which addresses external conflict ) into a unified whole.

Leon Festinger ( May 8, 1919 – February 11, 1989 ), was an American social psychologist, responsible for the development of the theory of cognitive dissonance, social comparison theory, and the discovery of the role of propinquity in the formation of social ties as well as other contributions to the study of social networks.

Festinger was also responsible for social comparison theory, which examines how people evaluate their own opinions and desires by comparing themselves with others, and how groups exert pressures on individuals to conform with group norms and goals.

According to Festinger's theory of social comparison people gain self-knowledge and self-awareness by comparing themselves to others.

A theory of social comparison processes.

The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.

It also deals with social inequity on a broad scale, primarily through the comparison of low-class thieves and whores with their aristocratic and bourgeois " betters.

Many such studies are based on social comparison theory, the idea that when people around us have bad luck, we look better to ourselves.

In comparison with the effects of genetics, nutrition, and general health, social influences are small, shifting timing by a few months rather than years.

A constantly repeated theme in the book's background are the social, cultural and physical differences between these two locations: Norrland is more sedate, conservative and slow-moving in comparison with the cosmopolitan Stockholm ; a Stockholmer having to live for an extended period in Norrland feels " exiled to the back of beyond "; Norrland is also colder and a Stockholmer coming there must urgently buy warmer clothes ; Norrlanders often speak regional dialects which Stockholm people find nearly incomprehensible ; Stockholm people look down their noses at " a working class boy from Norrland " even when he had lived many years in Stockholm.

He studied 200 love-shy college students ( aged 19 – 24 ), 100 older love-shy men ( aged 35 – 50 ), and a comparison group of 200 " non-shy ", " highly social " college students.

A comparison between a crocodile and an elephant illustrates how mammals for example are heavily dependent on social learning.