During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

During the Reconquista, Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims.

During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the Reconquista against the Moors.

During the Spanish Reconquista, there were periods when the Christian kings were more militarily powerful than the Moors, but lacked the population to settle and defend the conquered territories.

During the Reconquista, the Kingdom of León in northern Spain built three churches famous for their domed crossing towers, called " cimborios ", as it acquired new territories.

During the centuries of Reconquista ( 711 – 1492 ), the Christian North of the Iberian Peninsula and the Southern Muslim-ruled Al Andalus battled internally and against each other.

During the first centuries of the Reconquista, the Franks drove the Muslims south of the Pyrenees.

During a brief Anglo-French peace, he journeyed to the Iberian Peninsula to aid Alfonso XI of Castile in the Reconquista.

During the Reconquista, the feudal lords granted fueros to some villas and cities, to encourage the repopulation of the frontier and of commercial routes.

During this time the ethnic tensions between the Berbers and Arabs weakened the Caliphate militarily while the Reconquista gained success to the north of Extremedura in Castile.

During the Reconquista, Muslims were forced to either convert to Catholicism or leave the peninsula.

During the 13th century, in the Portuguese Reconquista, the Portuguese Navy helped in the conquest of several littoral moorish towns, like Alcácer do Sal, Silves and Faro.

During antiquity, the region was occupied by the Celts, then Romans and finally the Arab forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, who dominated the region until the Christian Reconquista.

During the Reconquista, captured Muslims were enslaved ; in the 12th century, the Muslim slaves carried out the grand reconstruction of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

During the Reconquista, in 1233, king Ferdinand III was able to wrest the town from the Muslim rulers.

During the Reconquista, in which he took an active part, he founded the Order of Calatrava.

During the Reconquista in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the populating ( povoamento ) of the conquered territories, areas due to religion the Arabs reduced wine production.

During the Reconquista, Alvito was conquered by the Portuguese in 1234, being later ( 1251 ) donated by King Afonso III to Estêvão Anes, chancellor of the kingdom, who promoted the settlement of the area.

During the Reconquista, Estremoz was captured in the 12th century by the army of knight Geraldo Sem Pavor ( Gerald the Fearless ), who had also conquered neighbouring Évora.

During the Reconquista, Zafra was captured twice by Christian forces, first in 1229 by Alfonso IX, and then definitely by Ferdinand III, in a campaign through present-day Extremadura described in Alfonso X's Crónica General de España ( General History of Spain ).

During the following centuries the monks from this monastery had an influencing effect on Portuguese culture.

During the Portuguese Colonial War in the 1960s and the 1970s, the Portuguese Army created an experimental horse platoon, to combat the guerrillas in eastern Angola.

During his trip, a tempest forced him to stop on an island near Guangzhou, China where he saw the rich merchant Diogo Pereira, an old friend from Cochin, who showed him a letter from Portuguese being held prisoners in Guangzhou asking for a Portuguese ambassador to talk to the Chinese Emperor in their favor.

During the first five years of Humayun's reign, these two rulers were quietly extending their rule, although Sultan Bahadur faced pressure in the east from sporadic conflicts with the Portuguese.

During the latter part of the 1660s, the Portuguese tried to gain control of Kongo.

During the 16th century the Portuguese were able to establish permanent markets up the Zambezi River in an attempt to gain political and military control of Mutapa.

During this time, the Portuguese government effectively abandoned the territory, and did not resume the decolonisation process.

During the rule of the Mughal administrator of Sindh, Mirza Ghazi Beg, the city was well fortified against Portuguese colonial incursions in Sindh.

During this period, no large scale territorial conquest was intended by the Portuguese ; only a few minor settlements were established in the immediate hinterland of Luanda, some on the last stretch of the Kwanza River.

During the age of discovery Portuguese sailors explored the coasts of Africa and Asia.

During the battle on 25 October 1665 an estimated 20, 000 Kongolese fought against the Portuguese who won the battle thanks to the early death in battle of the Kongolese king António I.

During times of Portuguese colonization, Moors were persecuted, and many forced to retreat to the central highlands and the eastern coast.

During the prolonged Peninsular War from 1808 – 1814 some 300, 000 French troops were kept permanently occupied by, in addition to several hundred thousand Spanish, Portuguese and British regulars an enormous and sustained guerrilla insurgency — ultimately French deaths would amount to 300, 000 in the Peninsular War alone.

During the Age of Exploration, the Portuguese Empire was the first European power to gain control of Zanzibar and retained it for nearly 200 years.

During the 1960s, various armed independence movements, most prominently led by communist-led parties who cooperated under the CONCP umbrella and pro US groups, became active in these areas, most notably in Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea.

During this time he taught himself the Portuguese language to read the poet Camões in the original ; as insufficient Russian-speaking officers were available at the War Office, his knowledge of the Russian language and textual analysis skills were used to translate a Russian parachute training manual-a task he completed after 11pm on top of his normal duties, deducing the meaning of many technical terms from the context ; he was convinced that the Soviet Union must eventually enter the war on the Allied side.

During the 16th century, the Spice trade was dominated by the Portuguese who used Lisbon as a staple port.

During the reign of Ferdinand ( 1367 – 1383 ) and under the regency of Leonora the ruling dynasty ceased to represent the national will ; the Portuguese people therefore made an end of the dynasty and chose its own ruler.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mazrui and Omani Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south.

During the first Atlantic system most of these traders were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly during the era, although some Dutch, English, and French traders also participated in the slave trade.

During such periods of rapid state formation or expansion ( Asante and Dahomey being good examples ), slavery formed an important element of political life which the Europeans exploited: As Queen Sara's plea to the Portuguese courts revealed, the system became " sell to the Europeans or be sold to the Europeans ".

During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the West Indies as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I.

During this time, the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil.