Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear at night, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight.

He also published a little-known book called " Procès à Baby Doc, Duvalier père et fils ", a 1973 polemic against the Duvalier regime in Haiti written under the pseudonym Raymond Sapène.

Duvalier also clashed with Dominican President Juan Bosch in 1963, after Bosch provided aid and asylum to Haitian exiles working to overthrow his regime.

On 24 May 1959, Duvalier suffered a massive heart attack, possibly due to an insulin overdose ; he had been a diabetic since early adulthood and also suffered from heart disease and associated circulatory problems.

Haiti also claimed this money, arguing that the assets were of " criminal origin " and should not be returned to Duvalier.

Haiti also has a long history of treating albinistic people as accursed, with the highest incidence under the influence of François " Papa Doc " Duvalier.

During the dictatorship of Papa Doc Duvalier, certain Haitian secret policemen were given the name Tontons Macoutes (" Uncle-Gunnysacks ") because they were said also to make people disappear.

* When three Haitian Coast Guard ships rebel against President François Duvalier and shell the presidential palace at Port-au-Prince, loyal Haitian Air Force pilots whose bombs had been confiscated out of fear that they also might rebel instead use 55-gallon drums of gasoline ( petrol ) to attack the ships.

He was related to Louis Déjoie ( his great-grandfather Thomas married Leonie Déjoie ), who lost the 1957 Haitian presidential election to François " Papa Doc " Duvalier, and although the family also had connections to the new president, Gaetjens's younger brothers became associated with a group of exiles in the Dominican Republic who wanted to stage a coup.

He also joined a group based in the Dominican Republic planning guerrilla attacks against the Duvalier regime.

Most political actors perceived Duvalier — a medical doctor who had served as a rural administrator of a United States-funded anti-yaws campaign before entering the cabinet under Estimé — as an honest and fairly unassuming leader without a strong ideological motivation or program.

When elections were finally organized, this time under terms of universal suffrage ( both men and women now had the vote ), Duvalier, a black, painted himself as the legitimate heir to Estimé.

A former Minister of Health who had earned a reputation as a humanitarian while serving as an administrator in a U. S .- funded anti-yaws campaign, Duvalier ( known as " Papa Doc ") soon established another dictatorship.

However, Duvalier appealed to the black middle class of which he was a member by introducing public works into middle-class neighborhoods that previously had been unable to have paved roads, running water, or modern sewage systems.

The Kennedy administration suspended aid in 1961, after allegations that Duvalier had pocketed aid money and intended to use a Marine Corps mission to strengthen the Macoutes.

A coup attempt against Aristide had taken place on January 6, even before his inauguration, when Roger Lafontant, a Tonton Macoute leader under Duvalier, seized the provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot and declared himself President.

This would mark the 2nd return of former political leaders, as former dictator Jean-Claude " Baby Doc " Duvalier returned to Haiti in January 2011 An anonymous government official told the Agence France-Presse news agency that the Haitian government had issued a passport for Aristide on 7 February, but his lawyer stated that they had not received the document, nor been informed of its issue by the government.

In 1939, Duvalier married Simone Ovide, with whom he had four children: Marie Denise, Nicole, Simone and Jean-Claude.

Duvalier's only opponent among the black proletarians, Daniel Fignolé, had been forced into exile before election, conveniently leaving Duvalier a path for a landslide.

After being sworn in on 22 October, Duvalier exiled most of the major supporters of Déjoie and had a new constitution adopted in 1957.

In mid-1958, the army, which had supported Duvalier earlier, tried to oust him in another coup, but failed.

Upon his return, Duvalier accused Barbot of trying to supplant him as president and had him imprisoned.

When during the search Duvalier was told that Barbot had transformed himself into a black dog, Duvalier ordered that all black dogs in Haiti be put to death.

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963 — which Duvalier later claimed resulted from a curse that he had placed on him < ref >

Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier resisted the dynastic arrangement that had made him Haiti's leader, having preferred that the presidency go to his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier, and was content to leave substantive and administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a committee led by Luckner Cambronne, his father's Interior Minister, while he attended ceremonial functions and lived as a playboy.

Her first husband, Alix Pasquet, was the son of a well-known officer who had led an attempt to overthrow Papa Doc Duvalier.

With his wife Duvalier had two children, François Nicolas and Anya.

Duvalier had initially accepted on January 30, 1986, and President Reagan actually announced his departure, based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airport.

At the time, the French Ministry of the Interior said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted Schengen Agreement which had abolished systematic border controls between the participating countries.

According to an article by Ginger Thompson in the New York Times, " if Mr. Duvalier had been able to slip into the country and then quietly leave without incident … he may have been able to argue that Haiti was no longer interested in prosecuting him — and that the money should be his.

In February 2010, a Swiss court agreed to release more than US $ 4 million to Jean-Claude Duvalier, although the Swiss Foreign Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money.

* François " Papa Doc " Duvalier of Haiti ( 1964 ) – died in office 1971, named his son as his successor ( see below ).

* Jean-Claude " Baby Doc " Duvalier of Haiti ( 1971 ) – named by his father as successor ( see above ), deposed 1986, alive.

Set in 1806, the film tells the story of a lost French soldier named Andre Duvalier ( Jack Nicholson ) saved by a strange young woman named Helene ( Sandra Knight ).

* General Gracia Jacques, a supporter of François Duvalier (" Papa Doc ") ( 1907 – 1971 ), Haitian dictator, whose body was exhumed and ritually beaten to ' death ' in 1986.

The lesson that Duvalier drew from Estimé's ouster was that the military could not be trusted.

The period between the fall of Magloire and the election of Duvalier in September 1957 was a chaotic one, even by Haitian standards.

Throughout the first three decades of Aristide's life, Haiti was ruled by the family dictatorships of François " Papa Doc " and Jean-Claude " Baby Doc " Duvalier.

François Duvalier ( 14 April 1907 21 April 1971 ) was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.

Ruling as President for Life from 1964 until his death in 1971, Duvalier was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude, nicknamed " Baby Doc ".

Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince, the son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and Ulyssia Abraham, a baker.

In 1946, Duvalier aligned himself with President Dumarsais Estimé and was appointed Director General of the National Public Health Service.

In 1949, Duvalier served as Minister of both Health and Labour ; but, when General Paul Magloire ousted President Estimé in a coup d ' état, Duvalier left the government and was forced into hiding until 1956, when an amnesty was declared.

On 22 September 1957, presidential elections pitted Louis Déjoie, a mulatto land-owner and industrialist from the north of Haiti, against Duvalier, who was backed by the military.

In April 1963, Barbot was released and began plotting to remove Duvalier from office by kidnapping his children.

Peep holes were carved into the walls of the interrogation chambers, through which Duvalier personally observed Haitian detainees being tortured and submerged in baths of sulfuric acid ; sometimes, he was directly in the room during the tortures.

The election was flagrantly rigged ; the official tally showed 1, 320, 748 voted yes to another term for Duvalier, with none opposed.

" The new document granted Duvalier — or " Le Souverain ," as he was called — absolute powers as well as the right to name his successor.

Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed " Bébé Doc " or " Baby Doc " ( born July 3, 1951 ) was the President of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986.

On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption, and is expected to be held before a judge in Port-au-Prince for trial.

Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince and was raised in an isolated environment.