On 24 May 1959, Duvalier suffered a massive heart attack, possibly due to an insulin overdose ; he had been a diabetic since early adulthood and also suffered from heart disease and associated circulatory problems.

Haiti also claimed this money, arguing that the assets were of " criminal origin " and should not be returned to Duvalier.

Haiti also has a long history of treating albinistic people as accursed, with the highest incidence under the influence of François " Papa Doc " Duvalier.

During the dictatorship of Papa Doc Duvalier, certain Haitian secret policemen were given the name Tontons Macoutes (" Uncle-Gunnysacks ") because they were said also to make people disappear.

* When three Haitian Coast Guard ships rebel against President François Duvalier and shell the presidential palace at Port-au-Prince, loyal Haitian Air Force pilots whose bombs had been confiscated out of fear that they also might rebel instead use 55-gallon drums of gasoline ( petrol ) to attack the ships.

He also published a little-known book called " Procès à Baby Doc, Duvalier père et fils ", a 1973 polemic against the Duvalier regime in Haiti written under the pseudonym Raymond Sapène.

He was related to Louis Déjoie ( his great-grandfather Thomas married Leonie Déjoie ), who lost the 1957 Haitian presidential election to François " Papa Doc " Duvalier, and although the family also had connections to the new president, Gaetjens's younger brothers became associated with a group of exiles in the Dominican Republic who wanted to stage a coup.

" Duvalier attacked the book in the press, and also had his Ministry of Foreign Affairs make a brochure named " Graham Greene Demasquée " ( Finally Exposed ) whose distribution was cut when it failed to achieve the expected result.

He also joined a group based in the Dominican Republic planning guerrilla attacks against the Duvalier regime.

Around 1964 Fayed entered a close relationship with Francois Duvalier and became interested in the construction of a Fayed-Duvalier oil refinery in Haiti.

In 1939, Duvalier married Simone Ovide, with whom he had four children: Marie Denise, Nicole, Simone and Jean-Claude.

In 1946, Duvalier aligned himself with President Dumarsais Estimé and was appointed Director General of the National Public Health Service.

The election resulted in Duvalier defeating Déjoie with 678, 860 votes.

In response, Duvalier replaced the chief-of-staff with a more reliable officer and then proceeded to create his own power base within the army by turning the army's Presidential Guard into an elite corps aimed at maintaining Duvalier's power.

After this, Duvalier dismissed the entire general staff and replaced it with officers owing their positions and their loyalty to him.

In other incidents, Duvalier ordered the head of an executed rebel packed in ice and brought to him so he could commune with the dead man's spirit.

The election was flagrantly rigged ; the official tally showed 1, 320, 748 voted yes to another term for Duvalier, with none opposed.

In his early years, Duvalier often rebuked the United States for its friendly relations with the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo ( killed in 1961 ), while leaving Haiti, " the poor negro Republic out in the cold ".

On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption, and is expected to be held before a judge in Port-au-Prince for trial.

Duvalier was invested with near-absolute power by the constitution.

The United States rejected a request to provide asylum for Duvalier, but offered to assist with the Duvaliers ' departure.

Duvalier lived in Paris with Veronique Roy, his longtime companion and chief public-relations representative, until his return to Haiti in late January 2011.

The overprint consisted of a red circle with a slash across it with the date of the end of the Duvalier regime ( 7 February 1986 ) printed below in red.

Image: PUNL231b Sig U S784303 tyvek. jpg | Haiti, 1986: Duvalier portrait obscured with prohibition sign.

Starting in the late 1970s ( with discontent surrounding the increasing oppulence of the Duvalier dictatorship ), youth from Port-au-Prince ( and to a lesser extent Cap-Haïtien and other urban areas ) began experimenting with new types of life.

The presenter Alan Whicker became a shareholder in the company at its inception and made many programmes for the station, most notably interviews with the Cat's Eye inventor Percy Shaw and the Haiti dictator Baby Doc Duvalier.

Hitchens details Mother Teresa's relationships with wealthy and corrupt individuals including Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier and his wife Michèle Duvalier, enigmatic quasi-religious figure John-Roger, and disgraced former financial executive Charles Keating.

Chamberlain appeared together with Jean-Claude Duvalier as his chief-of-security aon Duvalier's return from exile on 16 January 2011.

The Ecumenical Center for Human Rights ( Centre Oecumenique des Droits de L ' Homme ) is a human rights organisation founded in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic in 1979 to monitor the situation in Haiti under the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier.

* 1971 – François Duvalier, Haitian politician, 40th President of Haiti ( b. 1907 )

* 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation.

In 1964, Duvalier proclaimed himself " President for Life ".

** Papa Doc Duvalier, President of Haiti ( b. 1907 )

* February 7 – President Jean-Claude Duvalier (" Baby Doc ") flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule.

A coup attempt against Aristide had taken place on January 6, even before his inauguration, when Roger Lafontant, a Tonton Macoute leader under Duvalier, seized the provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot and declared himself President.

François Duvalier ( 14 April 1907 21 April 1971 ) was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.

Ruling as President for Life from 1964 until his death in 1971, Duvalier was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude, nicknamed " Baby Doc ".

In 1949, Duvalier served as Minister of both Health and Labour ; but, when General Paul Magloire ousted President Estimé in a coup d ' état, Duvalier left the government and was forced into hiding until 1956, when an amnesty was declared.

President Duvalier promoted and patronised members of the black majority in the civil service and the army.

" On 14 June 1964, a constitutional referendum made Duvalier " President for Life ", a title previously held by seven Haitian presidents.

Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed " Bébé Doc " or " Baby Doc " ( born July 3, 1951 ) was the President of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986.

Duvalier had initially accepted on January 30, 1986, and President Reagan actually announced his departure, based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airport.

President René Préval rejected Duvalier's apology and, on September 28, he said that while Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so.

File: Duvalier ( cropped ). jpg | François Duvalier, President for Life of Haiti ( 1964 – 1971 )

File: Michele et Duvalier. jpg | Jean-Claude Duvalier, President for Life of Haiti ( 1971 – 1986 )

Philippe is accused by Human Rights Watch of being a death squad leader during the reign of Baby Doc Duvalier before receiving training from the U. S. Special Forces in Ecuador in an American bid to reinstate President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in the 1990s.

The Tontons Macoutes were a ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life.