In fact, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ), which uses antibodies, is currently one of the most sensitive tests modern medicine uses to detect various biomolecules.

These tests include: detecting complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescence assays, radioimmunoassays, and ELISA.

Antibody presence in blood serum is often used to determine whether a person has been exposed to a given virus in the past, with tests such as ELISA.

For cystic echinococcosis, imaging is the main method that is relied on for diagnosis while serology tests ( such as indirect hemogglutination, ELISA ( enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ), immunoblots or latex agglutination ) that use antigens specific for E. granulosus are used to verify the imaging results.

There are a number of diagnostic tests for including: HCV antibody enzyme immunoassay or ELISA, recombinant immunoblot assay, and quantitative HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Blood tests include a complete blood count for eosinophilia, creatine phosphokinase activity, and various immunoassays such as ELISA for larval antigens.

However, ELISA testing, related serological tests, and direct electron microscope observation of viruses are more modern methods for detection.

Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via serological tests such as ELISA and from cell culture.

In the 1970s, the discovery of monoclonal antibodies led to the development of the relatively simple and cheap immunoassays, such as agglutination-inhibition-based assays and sandwich ELISA, used in modern home pregnancy tests.

Those patients must take ELISA tests at various intervals after the usual 28 day course of treatment, sometimes extending outside of the conservative window period of 6 months.

The ELISA antibody tests were developed to provide a high level of confidence that donated blood was NOT infected with HIV.

: HIV antibody tests are highly sensitive, meaning they react preferentially with HIV antibodies, but not all positive or inconclusive HIV ELISA tests mean the person is infected by HIV.

Definitive diagnosis of arbovirus infections is typically made in a laboratory by employing some combination of blood tests, particularly immunologic, serologic and / or virologic techniques such as ELISA, complement fixation, polymerase chain reaction, Neutralization test and Hemoagglutination Inhibition test.

ELISA tests can process large numbers of samples at once, so researchers often use it to screen out samples that are likely positive from those that are not when the total number of samples is very large.

Diagnosis of leptospirosis is confirmed with tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) and polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ), PCR, and sequence technology tests have been developed.

ELISA and microagglutination tests have also been successfully applied.

A 1993 analysis of the efficacy of ELISA tests to diagnose metagonimiasis implied that simultaneous screening of specific antibodies to several parasite agents are important in serological diagnosis of acute parasitic disease and more research should be done on the efficacy of these methods of diagnosis.

ELISA tests are available commercially and can detect anti-hepatica antibodies in serum and milk, but new ones, especially intended for use on fecal samples are being developed.

Anti-echinococcus antibodies can be detected with serodiagnostic tests e. g. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ( IFA ) Test, CF ( complement fixation ), ELISA, Western Blot and other methods.

Frequently used serological tests include antibody tests, ELISA and indirect hemaglutination ( IHA ).

Serological tests such as agar gel precipitation and ELISA, for detecting antibodies, are used for monitoring vaccine responses and might be additional information for diagnosis of infection of unvaccinated flocks.

The analyte is also called the ligand because it will specifically bind or ligate to a detection reagent, thus ELISA falls under the bigger category of ligand binding assays.

The ligand-specific binding reagent is " immobilized ", i. e., usually coated and dried onto the transparent bottom and sometimes also side wall of a well ( the stationary " solid phase '/" solid substrate " here as opposed to solid microparticle / beads that can be washed away ), which is usually constructed as a multiple-well plate known as the " ELISA plate ".

ELISA can also be used in toxicology as a rapid presumptive screen for certain classes of drugs.

There is also a urine ELISA test with a 96 % sensitivity and 79 % specificity.

Histology of tissues will show accumulation of prion in the central nervous system, and immunohistochemical staining and ELISA can also be used to demonstrate the protein.

ELISA or RIA can also be used.

It can also be diagnosed by detection of antigens in blood or urine samples by ELISA or PCR.

Serological testing is most commonly performed with an ELISA or complement fixation, and viral isolation can also be attempted.

Serological testing such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) or the Western blot are also reliable but may not be easily accessible in endemic areas.

Therefore, immunonological methods such ELISA and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot, also called Western blot, are the most important methods in diagnosis of F. hepatica infection.

The ELISA test, however, detects all circulating antibodies that bind heparin-PF4 complexes, and may also falsely identify antibodies that do not cause HIT.

Anti-desmoglein antibodies can also be detected in a blood sample using the ELISA technique.

* ELBA, or enzyme-linked binding assay ( see also ELISA )

Serological testing can also be performed with an ELISA.

The bacterium can be isolated from various body fluids, and serological testing with an ELISA can also be performed.

The early 1980s also saw the development at USAMRIID of new diagnostic methods for several pathogenic organisms such as ELISA technology and the extensive use of monoclonal antibodies.

Researchers at Ben Gurion University in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a " Lab-in-a-Pen ", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the ELISA, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics.

Four FDA-cleared WNV IgM ELISA kits are commercially available from different manufacturers in the U. S., each of these kits is indicated for use on serum to aid in the presumptive laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection in patients with clinical symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis.

Unlike other spectrophotometric wet lab assay formats where the same reaction well ( e. g. a cuvette ) can be reused after washing, the ELISA plates have the reaction products immunosorbed on the solid phase which is part of the plate, so are not easily reusable.

In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solid phase with special binding properties and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentially added, incubated and washed followed by some optical change ( e. g. color development by the product of an enzymatic reaction ) in the final liquid in the well from which the quantity of the analyte is measured.

The steps for this ELISA are somewhat different from the first two examples:

In an ELISA, a person's serum is diluted 400 times and applied to a plate to which HIV antigens are attached.

ELISA results are reported as a number ; the most controversial aspect of this test is determining the " cut-off " point between a positive and a negative result.

Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity and sensitivity.

Various analytical methods are available for CRP determination, such as ELISA, immunoturbidimetry, rapid immunodiffusion, and visual agglutination.

The antibodies secreted by the different clones are then assayed for their ability to bind to the antigen ( with a test such as ELISA or Antigen Microarray Assay ) or immuno-dot blot.

In the USA, since 1985, all blood donations are screened with an ELISA test for HIV-1 and HIV-2, as well as a nucleic acid test.

If antibodies are detected by an initial test based on the ELISA method, then a second test using the Western blot procedure determines the size of the antigens in the test kit binding to the antibodies.

ELISA results are reported as a number ; the most controversial aspect of this test is determining the " cut-off " point between a positive and negative result.

However, unlike the ELISA method, the viral proteins are separated first and immobilized.

Once the proteins are well-separated, they are transferred to a membrane and the procedure continues similar to an ELISA: the person's diluted serum is applied to the membrane and antibodies in the serum may attach to some of the HIV proteins.

In the United States, such ELISA results are not reported as " positive " unless confirmed by a Western Blot.

Rare false positive results due to factors unrelated to HIV exposure are found more often with the ELISA test than with the Western Blot.

The syphilis anti-cardiolipin antibodies are beta-2 glycoprotein independent, whereas those that occur in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome ( associated to lupus for example ) are beta-2 glycoprotein dependent, and this can be used to tell them apart in an ELISA assay.