Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.

Economists also distinguish the short-run market supply curve from the long-run market supply curve.

The Economists primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts.

Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "... study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes.

Economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and non-or not-for profit organizations.

Economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have also analyzed many traits related to economic geography.

He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

He is also President of The National Institute of Economic and Social Research, President of the The Society of Business Economists, Chairman of the Governing Body of the Royal Academy of Music, Chairman of Channel 4, and Chairman of the Monteverdi Choir and Orchestra

Economists have also looked at sticky wages as an explanation for why there is unemployment.

He is also currently a non-executive Director of Barclays Bank plc and the Chairman of the National Audit Office His previous non executive roles have included Chairman of the market research firm MORI Ltd, the Economists Bookshop Ltd, Deputy Chairman of the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust and Director of the Bank of England.

Klein ( 1983 ) asserts that “ Economists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.

He is also a Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large ( 2007 – 2013 ) at Cornell University and is currently ( 2010 – 2011 ) President of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( EAERE ).

* Economists use the term " global labor arbitrage " to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization.

Economists have urged the use of " market-based " instruments such as emissions trading to address environmental problems instead of prescriptive " command and control " regulation.

Economists use the term " double taxation " in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders.

Economists typically use the term consumption in a way that is far broader than merely purchasing something.

Economists use these models to understand past events and to forecast future events, e. g., demand, prices and employment.

Economists generally prefer to use effective annual rates to allow for comparability.

Economists generally use the Greek letter as the inflation rate, not the constant 3. 14159 ....

Economists use the curves to understand economic conditions.

Economists use the term representative agent to refer to the typical decision-maker of a certain type ( for example, the typical consumer, or the typical firm ).

Economists use utility theory to model human actions.

Economists use gross domestic product or GDP to measure the size of an economy in dollars or some other monetary unit.

Economists from the Austrian School argue that aggregate economic models are not well suited to describe economic reality because they waste a large part of specific knowledge.

Economists interested in long-run increases in output study economic growth.

Economists of the Austrian school argue that socialist systems based on economic planning are unfeasible because they lack the information to perform economic calculation in the first place, due to a lack of price signals and a free price system, which they argue are required for rational economic calculation.

Economists have, in fact, often been frustrated by public opposition to economic reasoning.

Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total economic surplus will be divided between consumers and producers.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists distinguish between short-run economic changes in production and long-run economic growth.

Economists argue, however, that Mao's emphasis on heavy industry lacked the foundation coming from light industry and created an unbalanced economic model.

Economists Thorstein Veblen, John Maynard Keynes, Herbert A. Simon, and many of the Austrian School criticise Homo economicus as an actor with too great of an understanding of macroeconomics and economic forecasting in his decision making.

Economists and historians disagree as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic, social, and political events.

Economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching similar economic problems in several ways.

Economists usually distinguish several types of economic evaluation, differing in how consequences are measured:

Economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development studied the effects of various types of taxes on the economic growth of developed nations within the OECD and found that sales taxes are one of the least harmful taxes for growth.

Economists Dani Rodrik and Jeffrey Sachs have separately noted that there appears to be little correlation between measured economic freedom and economic growth when the least free countries are disregarded, as indicated by the strong growth of the Chinese economy in recent years.

Economists make a number of abstract assumptions for purposes of their analyses and predictions.

Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long-term growth.

Economists offer two principal explanations for why stagflation occurs.

The main academic and professional organizations for the discipline of Environmental Economics are the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( AERE ) and the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics ( EAERE ).

He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

McNamara was, at the end of his life, a life trustee on the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ), a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and an honorary trustee for the Brookings Institution.

He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security.

Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.

Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and co-director of the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research ( CIFAR ).

* William Easterly, author of The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists ' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics description and review and White Man's Burden: How the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good ( description and preview ).

* Easterly, William ( 2002 ), Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists ' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics, The MIT Press

Economists sometimes define price more generally as the ratio of the quantities of goods that are exchanged for each other.

Economists often estimate the VSL by looking at the risks that people are voluntarily willing to take and how much they must be paid for taking them.

As a result, the Singer-Prebisch Thesis enjoyed a high degree of popularity in the 1960s and 1970s with neo-marxist developmental Economists and provided a justification for import substitution industrializing ( ISI ) policies and even an expansion of the role of the commodity futures exchange as a tool for development.