Economists also fail to use economic reasoning for model selection, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.

Economists have urged the use of " market-based " instruments such as emissions trading to address environmental problems instead of prescriptive " command and control " regulation.

Economists use the term " double taxation " in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders.

Economists typically use the term consumption in a way that is far broader than merely purchasing something.

Economists use these models to understand past events and to forecast future events, e. g., demand, prices and employment.

Economists generally prefer to use effective annual rates to allow for comparability.

Economists generally use the Greek letter as the inflation rate, not the constant 3. 14159 ....

Economists use the curves to understand economic conditions.

Economists use the term representative agent to refer to the typical decision-maker of a certain type ( for example, the typical consumer, or the typical firm ).

Economists use utility theory to model human actions.

Economists use gross domestic product or GDP to measure the size of an economy in dollars or some other monetary unit.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

Economists noted this transaction cost, and it has become part of economic theory, under the term " menu costs.

The term was coined by William Hutt in his 1936 book " Economists and the Public ".

Economists always do this by first taking the natural log of their equation ( to separate out the variables on the right-hand-side of the equation ); logging both sides of this production function produces a simple linear regression with an error term,:

Economists who have examined the impact of new trade-restrictive measures using detailed bilaterally monthly trade statistics estimated that new measures taken through late 2009 were distorting global merchandise trade by 0. 25 % to 0. 5 % ( about $ 50 billion a year ).

Economists debate whether a single reserve currency will always dominate the global economy.

Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.

Economists against offshoring charge that currency manipulation by governments and their central banks causes the difference in labor cost creating an illusion of comparative advantage.

Such a condition is sometimes referred to by Economists as " an insufficiency in the labor force.

Economists have modeled the worker cooperative as a firm in which labor hires capital, rather than capital hiring labor as in a conventional firm.

Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.

Economists Robert M. Dunn, Jr. and John H. Mutti note that financial markets may generate data inconsistent with interest rate parity, and that cases in which significant covered interest arbitrage profits appeared feasible were often due to assets not sharing the same perceptions of risk, the potential for double taxation due to differing policies, and investors ' concerns over the imposition of foreign exchange controls cumbersome to the enforcement of forward contracts.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists Jacob Frenkel and Richard M. Levich investigated the performance of covered interest arbitrage strategies during the 1970s ' flexible exchange rate regime by examining transaction costs and differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists refer to the coexistence of vast wealth in natural resources and extreme personal poverty in developing countries like Nigeria as the " resource curse ".

Economists who believe this to be the case refer to this as a monopoly wage.

Economists refer to this as a moral hazard.

Economists such as Paul Krugman refer to the similarly named ( and sometimes confused with ) Great Compression as a period during which economic equality rose due to the progressive tax policies instituted during the years of WWII and the policies of the Roosevelt Administration.

Economists have suggested that those who support protectionism ostensibly to further the interests of workers in least developed countries are in fact being disingenuous, seeking only to protect jobs in developed countries.

Economists estimate that the University has created at least 3, 000 new jobs within Lincoln and that it generates more than £ 250 million every year for the local economy-doubling previous local economic growth rates.

Economists generally agree that a country is insolvent, if its foreign debt surpasses 50 percent of its GDP.

Economists from the South American country of Peru

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists have criticized the government's fiscal policy, whose level of expenditures and indebtness has increase significantly within the past decade while the economy was grown at a much slower pace.

Economists explain moral hazard as a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information than another.

Economists such as Paul Krugman, Peter Orszag, and Emmanuel Saez have argued that tax policy in the post World War II era has indeed increased income inequality by enabling the wealthiest American workers far greater access to capital than lower-income Americans.

The university has many lecture series, such as the high-profile Trinity Distinguished Lecture Series, Stieren Arts Enrichment Series, Nobel Economists Lecture Series, and Flora Cameron Lecture on Politics and Public Affairs.

Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.

Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.

has an interdisciplinary core curriculum taught by Anthropologists, Political Scientists, Economists and Historians.

Economists are still divided about the causes and cures of a jobless recovery: some argue that increased productivity through automation has allowed economic growth without reducing unemployment.

Dasgupta has been honoured by elections as: Fellow of the Econometric Society ( 1975 ); Fellow of the British Academy ( 1989 ); Fellow of the Royal Society ( 2004 ); Member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1997 ); Fellow of the Academy of Science for the Developing World ( formally the Third World Academy of Science ), TWAS, 2001 ; Member of Academia Europaea ( 2009 ); Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences ( 2001 ); Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society ( 2005 ); Foreign Member of Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere Arti ( 2009 ); Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics ( 1995 ); Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( 2010 ); Honorary Member of the American Economic Association ( 1997 ); Distinguished Fellow, CES, University of Munich, 2011 ; and President of the Royal Economic Society ( 1998 – 2001 ), the European Economic Association ( 1999 ), Section F ( Economics ) of the BA ( British Association for the Advancement of Science ) Festival of Science ( 2006 ), and the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( 2010-2011 ).

" Economists and organizations that he has accused of vulgar libertarianism include Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, Madsen Pirie, Radley Balko and the Adam Smith Institute.