Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists talk about the " productivity of capital " to describe the yield or return on capital, but capital itself " produces " nothing, people do that.

During these years Franco received many awards, including " Economista do Ano 1997 " ( Economist of the Year, 1997 ), presented by the Ordem dos Economistas ( National Economists Association ), and “ Central Banker of the year, 1998 ”, presented by Euromoney, September 1998.

Economists always do this by first taking the natural log of their equation ( to separate out the variables on the right-hand-side of the equation ); logging both sides of this production function produces a simple linear regression with an error term,:

Economists who advocated these policies do not necessarily share principles, such as Nobel prize-winning economists Milton Friedman ( Monetarism school ), George Stigler ( Chicago School of Economics / Neo-Classical Economics ), Richard Posner ( Chicago School / Pragmatism ), and Friedrich Hayek ( Austrian School of Economics ), have sought substantially to limit economic regulation.

Economists generally agree that a country is insolvent, if its foreign debt surpasses 50 percent of its GDP.

Economists generally agree that certain amounts of inequality are necessary and desirable but that excessive inequality leads to efficiency problems and social injustice.

Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply.

Economists overwhelmingly agree that the Washington Consensus was incomplete, and that countries in Latin America and elsewhere need to move beyond " first generation " macroeconomic and trade reforms to a stronger focus on productivity-boosting reforms and direct programs to support the poor.

Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.

* Economists frequently cannot even agree on the basic principles of the functioning of economic life, and consequently what constitutes a deviation from those principles is in dispute.

Economists agree that teachers are the most important influence on student test scores inside the school, but the influence of schools and teachers is dwarfed by nonschool factors, most especially by family income.

Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.

Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.

Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.

Economists have done empirical studies on numerous aspects of the minimum wage, prominently including:

Economists of the Austrian school argue that socialist systems based on economic planning are unfeasible because they lack the information to perform economic calculation in the first place, due to a lack of price signals and a free price system, which they argue are required for rational economic calculation.

Economists view firm specific human capital as risky, since firm closure or industry decline lead to skills that cannot be transferred ( the evidence on the quantitative importance of firm specific capital is unresolved ).

Economists and political economists often disagree on what is preeminent in developing production, market, and political structure theories.

The Economists primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts.

In 2008, former editor of Newsweek Jon Meacham, a self described " fan ", criticised The Economists focus on analysis over original reporting.

The following table, based on data from The Economists 2004 calculations, shows the under (-) and over (+) valuation of the local currency against the dollar in %, according to the Starbucks tall latte index and the Big Mac index.

Economists argue, however, that Mao's emphasis on heavy industry lacked the foundation coming from light industry and created an unbalanced economic model.

McNamara was, at the end of his life, a life trustee on the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ), a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and an honorary trustee for the Brookings Institution.

Economists would label this behavior " irrational ": it is inefficient because it misallocates resources by depending on information that is irrelevant to the decision being made.

Economists Matthew Bishop and Michael Green claim that full acceptance of the hypothesis goes against the thinking of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes, who both believed irrational behavior had a real impact on the markets.

Economists use the term " double taxation " in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders.

Later becoming editor-in-chief of The Economist, which had been founded by his father-in-law, James Wilson, in 1860, Bagehot expanded The Economists reporting on the United States and on politics and is considered to have increased its influence among policymakers over the seventeen years he served as editor.

Jomo ( 2005 ), Pioneers of Development Economics: Great Economists on Development, Zed Books-the contributions of economists such as Marshall and Keynes, not normally considered development economists

Economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development studied the effects of various types of taxes on the economic growth of developed nations within the OECD and found that sales taxes are one of the least harmful taxes for growth.

Economists criticised this move, calling it an irresponsible drain on the budget, amounting to nearly 190 billion Forints, in their opinion purely to increase the administration's popularity.

This unit was based on that recommended by the European Congress of Economists in Paris in 1867 and adopted by Japan in 1873 ( the Argentine 5 peso fuerte coin was equivalent to the Japanese 5 yen ).

Economists from the Austrian school claim that governments take ownership of the means of production in certain industries and ban competition under the false pretense that they are natural monopolies.

Economists refer to the coexistence of vast wealth in natural resources and extreme personal poverty in developing countries like Nigeria as the " resource curse ".

Economists usually follow Cagan ’ s description that hyperinflation occurs when the monthly inflation rate exceeds 50 %.

Economists calculate the cyclically-adjusted full employment unemployment rate, e. g. 4 % or 6 % unemployment, which in a given context is regarded as " normal " and acceptable.

Economists generally use the Greek letter as the inflation rate, not the constant 3. 14159 ....

Economists Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld present a theoretical model in which they state that the balance of payments crisis occurs when the real exchange rate ( exchange rate adjusted for relative price differences between countries ) is equal to the nominal exchange rate ( the stated rate ).

Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.

Economists Robert M. Dunn, Jr. and John H. Mutti note that financial markets may generate data inconsistent with interest rate parity, and that cases in which significant covered interest arbitrage profits appeared feasible were often due to assets not sharing the same perceptions of risk, the potential for double taxation due to differing policies, and investors ' concerns over the imposition of foreign exchange controls cumbersome to the enforcement of forward contracts.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists Jacob Frenkel and Richard M. Levich investigated the performance of covered interest arbitrage strategies during the 1970s ' flexible exchange rate regime by examining transaction costs and differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists have found empirical evidence that covered interest rate parity generally holds, though not with precision due to the effects of various risks, costs, taxation, and ultimate differences in liquidity.

Economists have extrapolated a useful approximation of uncovered interest rate parity that follows intuitively from these assumptions.