Economists Thorstein Veblen, John Maynard Keynes, Herbert A. Simon, and many of the Austrian School criticise Homo economicus as an actor with too great of an understanding of macroeconomics and economic forecasting in his decision making.

Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921-1933 ( 1985 )

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.

Economists such as Paul Krugman, Peter Orszag, and Emmanuel Saez have argued that tax policy in the post World War II era has indeed increased income inequality by enabling the wealthiest American workers far greater access to capital than lower-income Americans.

Economists estimated that the extra attendance Fidrych generated around the league in 1976 was worth more than $ 1 million.

In a separate incident, Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe went further and imprisoned The Economists correspondent there, Andrew Meldrum.

Economists Dani Rodrik and Jeffrey Sachs have separately noted that there appears to be little correlation between measured economic freedom and economic growth when the least free countries are disregarded, as indicated by the strong growth of the Chinese economy in recent years.

Economists have also looked at sticky wages as an explanation for why there is unemployment.

Economists say that there is " conditional beta-convergence " when economies experience " beta-convergence " but conditional on other variables being held constant.

Economists have done research in the productivity issue and concluded that there are three possible explanations for the paradox.

The yen was legally defined as 0. 78 troy ounces ( 24. 26 g ) of pure silver, or 1. 5 grams of pure gold ( as recommended by the European Congress of Economists in Paris in 1867 ; the 5-yen coin was equivalent to the Argentine 5 peso fuerte coin ),

McNamara was, at the end of his life, a life trustee on the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ), a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and an honorary trustee for the Brookings Institution.

Economists have criticized the government's fiscal policy, whose level of expenditures and indebtness has increase significantly within the past decade while the economy was grown at a much slower pace.

Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

In The Economists 2010 Democracy Index, Tunisia was classified as an authoritarian regime, ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied.

This unit was based on that recommended by the European Congress of Economists in Paris in 1867 and adopted by Japan in 1873 ( the Argentine 5 peso fuerte coin was equivalent to the Japanese 5 yen ).

Economists overwhelmingly agree that the Washington Consensus was incomplete, and that countries in Latin America and elsewhere need to move beyond " first generation " macroeconomic and trade reforms to a stronger focus on productivity-boosting reforms and direct programs to support the poor.

In the early 1900s, the campus of what was then known as Iowa State College was host to multiple events in the spring, as each college celebrated its history and recruited prospective students by holding an individual celebration — such as the Ag Carnival, the Home Economists ' " HEC Day ," and the Engineers ' St. Patrick's Day Parade.

Economists told Johnston that it was a myth.

The term was coined by William Hutt in his 1936 book " Economists and the Public ".

In 2010, Cuba was deemed the only " authoritarian regime " in the Americas by The Economists 2010 Democracy Index.

The University was once praised as “ the Mother of Chinese Petroleum Engineering Talents ” and “ the Cradle of Economists ”.

He was awarded a ' Lifetime Achievement Award ' in December 2004 by the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists for his contributions to the development of environmental economics in Europe.

At the August 2008 conference of the American Association of Wine Economists in Portland, Oregon, a hoax exposé submission of the fictitious restaurant Osteria L ’ Intrepido was revealed by the author and Fearless Critic founder Robin Goldstein: he had won an Award of Excellence for a restaurant that didn't exist and whose " reserve wine list " was full of the lowest-rated Italian wines in history.

Dasgupta was named Knight Bachelor by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 in her Birthday Honours List for services to economics ; was co-recipient ( with Karl Goran Maler ) of the 2002 Volvo Environment Prize ;; co-recipient ( with Geoffrey Heal ) of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ' " Publication of Enduring Quality Award 2003 " for their book, Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources ; recipient of the John Kenneth Galbraith Award, 2007, of the American Agricultural Economics Association ; and recipient of the Zayed International Environment Prize ( II: scientific and technological achievements ) in 2010.

In 2007, together with Erik Maskin he was awarded the Kempe Award in Environmental and Resource Economics, a joint prize of the Kempe Foundation and the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( EAERE ).

She was elected to the International Who's Who of Competition Lawyers and Economists ( 2012 ) and Euromoney's Guide to the World's Leading Competition and Antitrust Lawyers / Economists ( 2012 ).

* Economists such as Burton Malkiel suggest that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets

Economists cite the efficient-market hypothesis ( EMH ) as the fundamental premise that justifies the creation of the index funds.

He is a member of the Institute of Medicine ; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Harvard Society of Fellows ; the Fellows of the World Econometric Society ; the Brookings Panel of Economists ; the National Bureau of Economic Research ; and the Board of Advisers of the Chinese Economists Society, among other international organizations.

Sharpe served as a President of the American Finance Association and he is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security.

* Economics in Government Distinguished Lecturer sponsored by the Society of Government Economists and the American Economic Association ( 2004 )

" Consensus and Dissension among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry ", American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol.

Economists from the South American country of Peru

Dasgupta has been honoured by elections as: Fellow of the Econometric Society ( 1975 ); Fellow of the British Academy ( 1989 ); Fellow of the Royal Society ( 2004 ); Member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1997 ); Fellow of the Academy of Science for the Developing World ( formally the Third World Academy of Science ), TWAS, 2001 ; Member of Academia Europaea ( 2009 ); Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences ( 2001 ); Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society ( 2005 ); Foreign Member of Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere Arti ( 2009 ); Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics ( 1995 ); Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( 2010 ); Honorary Member of the American Economic Association ( 1997 ); Distinguished Fellow, CES, University of Munich, 2011 ; and President of the Royal Economic Society ( 1998 – 2001 ), the European Economic Association ( 1999 ), Section F ( Economics ) of the BA ( British Association for the Advancement of Science ) Festival of Science ( 2006 ), and the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( 2010-2011 ).

Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and the market supply curve.

Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and classical unemployment.

Economists distinguish between cardinal utility and ordinal utility.

Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total economic surplus will be divided between consumers and producers.

Economists distinguish between short-run economic changes in production and long-run economic growth.

Economists ’ principles are not acceptable to all ; nor is insistence upon consistency between the treatment of owner-occupied dwellings and other durables.

Economists such as Paul Craig Roberts claim that those economists who promote offshoring misunderstand the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage.

Economists Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld present a theoretical model in which they state that the balance of payments crisis occurs when the real exchange rate ( exchange rate adjusted for relative price differences between countries ) is equal to the nominal exchange rate ( the stated rate ).

Economists therefore must make a reasoned choice of which variables and which relationships between these variables are relevant and which ways of analyzing and presenting this information are useful.

Klein ( 1983 ) asserts that “ Economists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists Jacob Frenkel and Richard M. Levich investigated the performance of covered interest arbitrage strategies during the 1970s ' flexible exchange rate regime by examining transaction costs and differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

* Economists have made many arguments along the lines that inefficiency in the Soviet economy resulted precisely from the lack of any clear relationship between pricing and economic value ( in the sense of true economic cost ).