Economists are especially interested in studying the SCPP because they tend to believe that seller concentration affects the industry ’ s social performance.

Economists tend to disagree with these critiques, arguing that it may be relevant to analyze the consequences of enlightened egoism just as it may be worthwhile to consider altruistic or social behavior.

* Economists from Adam Smith to Paul Krugman have noted that similar businesses tend to congregate geographically (" agglomerate "); opening near similar companies attracts workers with skills in that business, which draws in more businesses seeking experienced employees.

Economists cite the efficient-market hypothesis ( EMH ) as the fundamental premise that justifies the creation of the index funds.

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Economists often cite time discounting as a source of mispredictions of future utility.

Some Economists estimate a " range " of possible unemployment rates.

Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction.

Economists have done research in the productivity issue and concluded that there are three possible explanations for the paradox.

In part, the Economists own editorial stance was a simple reflection of attitudes within the UK in general, and of its two major political parties through the middle to late 20th century ( Conservative and Labour ), resisting the surrender of sovereignty to a supranational institution for as long as possible, and attempting to preserve the UK's self-image of a world power.

Economists usually teach that to some degree recession is unavoidable, and its causes are not well understood.

Economists against offshoring charge that currency manipulation by governments and their central banks causes the difference in labor cost creating an illusion of comparative advantage.

Economists are still divided about the causes and cures of a jobless recovery: some argue that increased productivity through automation has allowed economic growth without reducing unemployment.

Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers ' ability to gather information about products and prices.

Economists of the Austrian school argue that socialist systems based on economic planning are unfeasible because they lack the information to perform economic calculation in the first place, due to a lack of price signals and a free price system, which they argue are required for rational economic calculation.

Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.

Economists sometimes define price more generally as the ratio of the quantities of goods that are exchanged for each other.

Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.

Economists Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld present a theoretical model in which they state that the balance of payments crisis occurs when the real exchange rate ( exchange rate adjusted for relative price differences between countries ) is equal to the nominal exchange rate ( the stated rate ).

Economists argue that determining price and output is not actually dependent on the type of industry, that is whether it is a monopoly or perfectly competitive market, but, rather is the real threat of competition.

* The Economists Big Mac Index consistently shows fourfold differentials in the burger's price.

Economists then debate about when a price can be said to be " objective ".

Economists noted this transaction cost, and it has become part of economic theory, under the term " menu costs.

Economists such as Milton Friedman from the Chicago school and others from the Public Choice school, argue that market failure does not necessarily imply that government should attempt to solve market failures, because the costs of government failure might be worse than those of the market failure it attempts to fix.

Economists like Ernest Dupuis III argue that sunk costs are not taken into account when making rational decisions.

Economists stress the " extra " or " marginal " costs and benefits of every decision.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Klein ( 1983 ) asserts that “ Economists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.

Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists Jacob Frenkel and Richard M. Levich investigated the performance of covered interest arbitrage strategies during the 1970s ' flexible exchange rate regime by examining transaction costs and differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists encourage people, in addition to observing benefits, to consider the costs of urban transit as well.

Economists have found empirical evidence that covered interest rate parity generally holds, though not with precision due to the effects of various risks, costs, taxation, and ultimate differences in liquidity.

Economists see both a rapid increase in the money supply and an increase in the velocity of money if the ( monetary ) inflating is not stopped.

Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply.

Economists such as Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps reject this theory because it implies that workers suffer from money illusion.

Economists of the Austrian School, notably Ludwig von Mises, have linked these fluctuations in business cycles to the creation of central banking and its monopolized control of fiat money and prime interest rates.

Economists Alfred Marshall, A. C. Pigou, and John Maynard Keynes ( before he developed his own, eponymous school of thought ) associated with Cambridge University, took a slightly different approach to the quantity theory, focusing on money demand instead of money supply.

Economists would label this behavior " irrational ": it is inefficient because it misallocates resources by depending on information that is irrelevant to the decision being made.

Economists explain moral hazard as a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information than another.

Economists argue that this inefficiency results from information asymmetry.

Economists distinguish moral hazard from adverse selection, another problem that arises in the insurance industry, which is caused by hidden information rather than hidden actions.

Economists therefore must make a reasoned choice of which variables and which relationships between these variables are relevant and which ways of analyzing and presenting this information are useful.

* Economists have used field experiments to analyze discrimination, health care programs, charitable fundraising, education, information aggregation in markets, and microfinance programs.

Economists such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and Brink Lindsey argue that if the market is eliminated along with property, prices, and wages, then the mode of information transmission is eliminated and what will result is a highly inefficient system for transmitting the value, supply, demand, of goods, services, resources, along with an elimination of the most efficient mode of market transactions.