Ejectives that phonemically contrast with pulmonic consonants occur in about 15 % of languages around the world.

Ejectives occur in about 20 % of the world's languages.

* Ejectives, which are glottalic egressive.

Ejectives and implosives are made with this airstream mechanism.

The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives.

Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops ( plosives ) or affricates, while implosives are almost always voiced stops.

Ejective and ejective-like consonants occur in 16 % of the languages.

This section gives the distribution of " ejective and ejective-like consonants, implosive and implosive-like consonants, and glottalized resonants " according to the number of languages in which these sounds occur, the geographical location of these languages, and the total number of consonants in the languages.

* The oldest and largest is the Brahmic family of India and Southeast Asia, in which vowels are marked with diacritics and syllable-final consonants, when they occur, are indicated with ligatures, diacritics, or with a special vowel-canceling mark.

There are five places of articulation at which click consonants occur.

Clicks occur in all three Khoisan language families of southern Africa, where they may be the most numerous consonants.

In certain positions, English non-aspirated consonants can occur as variants of aspirated ones.

* When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter.

There are a large number of lateral click consonants ; seventeen occur in! Xóõ.

The approximants and illustrate this conflict: both are produced without much of a constriction in the vocal tract ( so phonetically they seem to be vowel-like ), but they occur on the edge of syllables, such as at the beginning of the English words " yet " and " wet " ( which suggests that phonologically they are consonants ).

Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for and, and occasionally for mid-word consonants.

Canadian raising refers to either of two similar sound changes that occur in a number of North American varieties of the English language, in which certain diphthongs are " raised " before voiceless consonants ( e. g.,,,,, ).

The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants, as are found in other modern southern Chinese languages, but which have been lost in Mandarin.

( Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.

They only occur geminate, while the retroflex consonants never occur geminate, suggesting that both are allophones of the same phoneme.

In theory, 20 consonants and 14 vowels would result in almost 4000 combinations, but not all of those actually occur in Mongolian.

These are normally used with vowels, but may occur with consonants.

Orthographies with a high grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence ( excluding exceptions due to loan words and assimilation ) include those of Finnish, Albanian, Georgian, Turkish ( apart from ğ and various palatal and vowel allophones ), Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian ), Bulgarian, Macedonian ( if the apostrophe is counted, though slight inconsistencies may be found ), Eastern Armenian ( apart from o, v ), Basque ( apart from palatalized l, n ), Haitian Creole, Castilian Spanish ( apart from h, x, b / v, and sometimes k, c, g, j, z ), Czech ( apart from ě, ů, y, ý ), Polish ( apart from ó, h, rz ), Romanian ( apart from distinguishing semivowels from vowels ), Ukrainian ( mainly phonemic with some other historical / morphological rules, as well as palatalization ), Swahili ( missing aspirated consonants, which do not occur in all varieties and are sparsely used anyways ), Mongolian ( apart from letters representing multiple sounds depending on front or back vowels, the soft and hard sign, silent letters to indicate / ŋ / from / n / and voiced versus voiceless consonants ) Azerbaijani ( apart from k ), and Kazakh ( apart from и, у, х, щ, ю ).

On the other hand, the digraphs mh, nh, and the trigraph ngh, which stand for voiceless consonants, but only occur at the beginning of words as a result of the nasal mutation, are not included in the alphabet.

This does not occur before voiceless consonants, so " price " is.

However, chain shifts can also occur in consonants.

Implosive and implosive-like consonants occur in 13 % of the world's languages.

Note that the letters,, ( apostrophe ),,,,,, Ъ, Ь, and do not occur word initially, either because the letters mark features of preceding consonants or the sounds they represent do not occur word initially.

It includes 16 " pure " vowel symbols, nasal vowels, various consonants, and examples of these, drawn primarily from French and English.

It has 16 consonants and 5 vowels.

There are 16 consonants in Sundanese phonology, according to Yayat Sudaryat ( 1991, 35 ):

Based on the statement above, it is clear that the Sundanese language has only 16 consonants, there are three consonants / f, v, z / which exist in Sundanese as a result of borrowing words, but naturally they are not Sundanese consonants.

The Tupi consonant system contains, in addition to the semivowels, the following 16 consonants ( with their IPA equivalents in parentheses ):

The 16 consonants of Zuni in orthography ( with IPA phonetic symbol when different from orthography ):

Chickasaw has 16 consonants.

Accounts of basilectal Jamaican Patois postulate around 21 phonemic consonants and between 9 and 16 vowels.

16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones.

-- Syllables are linguistic units centering in peaks which are usually vocalic but, as has been noted, are consonantal under certain circumstances, and which may or may not be combined with preceding and/or following consonants or combinations of consonants.

It is obvious enough that linguists in general have been less successful in coping with tone systems than with consonants or vowels.

We should expect that general phonologic theory should be as adequate for tone as for consonants and vowels, but it has not been.

A true alphabet has letters for the vowels of a language as well as the consonants.

These had dual function since they were also used as pure consonants.

The indication of the vowels is the same way as the indication of the consonants, therefore it was the first true alphabet.

These three differ from each other in the way they treat vowels: abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are also consonant-based, but indicate vowels with diacritics to or a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.

In alphabets in the narrow sense, on the other hand, consonants and vowels are written as independent letters.

Conversely, the vowel marks of the Tigrinya abugida and the Amharic abugida ( ironically, the original source of the term " abugida ") have been so completely assimilated into their consonants that the modifications are no longer systematic and have to be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script.

According to the formulations of Daniels, abjads differ from alphabets in that only consonants, not vowels, are represented among the basic graphemes.

This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from a root consisting of ( usually ) three consonants, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms.

This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent or optional.

As Daniels used the word, an abugida contrasts with a syllabary, where letters with shared consonants or vowels show no particular resemblance to each another, and with an alphabet proper, where independent letters are used to denote both consonants and vowels.

There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by diacritics, distortion, or orientation.

* In the Ethiopic family, vowels are marked by modifying the shapes of the consonants, and one of these pulls double duty for final consonants.

* In the Cree family, vowels are marked by rotating or flipping the consonants, and final consonants are indicated with either special diacritics or superscript forms of the main initial consonants.

The letters all represent consonants, some of which are matres lectionis, which also indicate long vowels.

Writing systems that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels ( like the Aramaic one ) or indicate them with added diacritical signs, have been called abjads by Peter T. Daniels to distinguish them from later alphabets, such as Greek, that represent vowels more systematically.