Estimates of the mass of the nebula are made by measuring the total amount of light emitted, and calculating the mass required, given the measured temperature and density of the nebula.

Estimates of the casualties among the Resistance are made harder by the dispersion of movements at least until D-Day, but credible estimates start from 8, 000 dead in action ; 25, 000 shot to death ; and several tens of thousands deported, of which 27, 000 died in death camps.

Estimates of the number of illegal abortions varied widely: by one estimate, 100, 000 women made efforts to procure a miscarriage in 1914, usually by drugs.

Estimates made of Mardonius's huge camp at Plataea, which was planned and built with plenty of time, suggest it might have accommodated 70, 000-120, 000 men ; it is improbable that such a large camp could have been built at Mycale in the time-frame that Herodotus suggests.

Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3. 4 N / cm², while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N / cm².

Estimates are made by extrapolations from small bits of data.

Estimates of native words ( derived from Old English ) range from 20 %– 33 %, with the rest made up of foreign borrowings.

Estimates reach CAD $ 1. 5 billion in damages, a cost made greater by the disaster's occurrence at the height of the tourist season.

Estimates of the extent of emigration during the period of the first and the second immigration wave range between approximately 40 % ( an estimation made by Joshua Kaniel ) of all immigrants and up to 80 – 90 %.

Estimates are that Morillo made over $ 2 million from Reel 2 Real ’ s two albums.

Estimates made in 1999 placed the probability of a major earthquake in the area within the following 30 years at 70 percent, although recent studies announced in September 2004 by the United States Geological Survey have cast doubt on the ( statistical ) predictability of large earthquakes based upon the duration of preceding quiet periods ; a more recent ( 2008 ) analysis asserts an increased probability of a major event on the Hayward Fault.

Estimates in the moving industry are made by either weight or by cubic feet.

Estimates of Social Networking Potential ( SNP ) are combined with estimates of selling effectiveness to estimate ROI on specific combinations of messages and media.

Estimates of the combined height of the obelisk and base vary.

Estimates put the dollar damage around $ 230 million to $ 280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined, with nearly $ 200 million occurring in Oregon alone.

Estimates put combined worldwide album sales at approximately 400, 000.

Estimates of the combined stellar classification for this system range from F5III to F6IV, with the luminosity class of ' IV ' or ' III ' indicating the primary component is a subgiant or giant star, respectively.

Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary.

Estimates of the Aimaq population vary between 250, 000 and 2 million.

Estimates for the main centres of Christadelphian population are as follows: United Kingdom ( 18, 000 ), Australia ( 9, 987 ), Malawi ( 7, 000 ), United States ( 6, 500 ), Mozambique ( 5, 300 ), Canada ( 3, 375 ), New Zealand ( 1, 782 ), Kenya ( 1, 700 ), India ( 1, 300 ), Tanzania ( 1, 000 ), and Philippines ( 1, 000 ).

Estimates are that between 45 % and 85 % of Ireland's population emigrated, to countries including Britain, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.

Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS ; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected ( July 2010 est.

Estimates are that the Mongol armies reduced the population of China by nearly a third.

Estimates of lesbians are sometimes not differentiated in studies of same-sex households, such as those performed by the U. S. census, and estimates of total gay, lesbian, or bisexual population by the U. K. government.

Estimates for the country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS ; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

Estimates of Sudan, including the population of South Sudan, ranged from 37 million ( United Nations estimate ) to 45 million ( CIA estimate ).

Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500, 000 and 1, 000, 000, or as much as 20 % of the total population of the country.

Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.

The study also concluded that “ Estimates of colonial Greek vs. indigenous Celto-Ligurian demography predict a maximum of a 10 % Greek contribution, suggesting a Greek male elite-dominant input into the Iron Age Provence population .” This evidence supports the persistence of the gene pool of the Ancient Greeks among the modern southern French.

Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously.

Estimates by the World Bank based on both macroeconomic data and surveys of household incomes and expenditures indicate that whereas 1. 5 % of the population was living in poverty ( defined as income below the equivalent of $ 25 per month ) in the late Soviet era, by mid-1993 between 39 % and 49 % of the population was living in poverty.

Estimates for the incidence of androgen insensitivity syndrome are based on a relatively small population size, and thus are known to be imprecise.

Estimates have been revised downwards from earlier numbers to reflect changing estimates of the overall Laogai System population by the Laogai Research Foundation.

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially ( see population of Native California ).

Estimates for the pre-contact native population in California have been based on a number of different sources ( and therefore vary substantially ), but indigenous peoples may have numbered as high as 300, 000, divided into more than 100 separate tribes or nations.

: note: Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS ; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected ( July 2009 est.

According to 2005 Census Estimates the county's population was 50. 6 % non-Hispanic white, 39. 8 % Latino, 9. 0 % African-American and 1. 3 % Native American.

Census Estimates for 2005 show the county population as being 87. 5 % non-Hispanic whites, 6. 3 % Latinos, 4. 5 % African-American and 1. 1 % Asian.

Estimates of the number of people around the world who speak Bulgarian fluently range from about 9 million to 12 million.

Estimates of Esperanto speakers range from 10, 000 to 2, 000, 000 active or fluent speakers, as well as perhaps a thousand native speakers, that is, people who learned Esperanto from birth as one of their native languages.

Estimates range as high as two million people, but more recent studies place that number closer to 200, 000.

Estimates put the attendance at 1. 1 million people.

Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan Genocide as high as 800, 000 people.

Estimates of how many people were killed during the period begin at around 300, though verification of the true figure is now impossible.

Estimates of the total losses due to the scam vary widely since many people may be too embarrassed to admit that they were gullible enough to be scammed or to report the crime.

2007 Estimates state 87. 2 % of people as White British, 4. 8 % Other White ( inc. 1. 0 % Irish ), 3. 5 % South Asians, 1. 5 % Mixed Race, 1. 6 % Black British, 0. 7 % Chinese, 0. 7 % Other.

Estimates of Chumash people today range from 2, 000 to 5, 000.

Estimates now put the population closer to 40, 000 people.

As of the 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, there were 3, 774 people, 1, 570 households, and about 1, 382 families residing in the city.

As of 2006-2008 Census Bureau Estimates, there were 15, 000 people living in Johnstown.

As of 2006-2008 Census Bureau Estimates, there were 22, 018 people living in Pottstown.

" Estimates vary, but the number of people lining the route the funeral probably exceeded 100, 000 ".

Estimates show 113 people killed.

Estimates of how many people the bonyads employ ranges from in excess of 400, 000 to " as many as 5 million ".

Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide ( with roughly 21 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish ethnicity, but Polish nationals ).

Estimates show that up to 500, 000 people living in the Combeima, Chinchiná, Coello-Toche, and Guali valleys are at risk, and 100, 000 of these are considered to be at high risk.

Estimates for the number of people who were killed or " disappeared " range from 9, 089 to over 30, 000 ; the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons estimates that around 13, 000 disappeared.

Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10, 000 and 100, 000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.

Estimates range from 40, 000-70, 000 people, though it is difficult to track because of the number of squatters in vacant buildings.

Estimates of the number of people killed vary considerably, but are generally substantial.

Estimates of the number of people there vary: The Irish Times claimed 35, 000 people were present ; the News of the World, The Sunday Times and the Sunday Express claimed 100, 000 ; the lecturer in Politics at the University of Ulster, Arthur Aughey, claimed over 200, 000 people were there ; and the organisers of the meeting said 500, 000 attended.