Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others.

Ethical egoists such as Rand who readily acknowledge the ( conditional ) value of others to an individual, and who readily endorse empathy for others, have argued the exact reverse from Rachels, that it is altruism which discriminates: " If the sensation of eating a cake is a value, then why is it an immoral indulgence in your stomach, but a moral goal for you to achieve in the stomach of others?

Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others.

Ethical egoism can be understood as a consequentialist theory according to which the consequences for the individual agent are taken to matter more than any other result.

Ethical egoism can be broadly divided into three categories: individual, personal, and universal.

Ethical naturalism does, however, reject the fact-value distinction: it suggests that inquiry into the natural world can increase our moral knowledge in just the same way it increases our scientific knowledge.

Ethical egoism is sometimes the philosophical basis for support of libertarianism or individualist anarchism as in Max Stirner, although these can also be based on altruistic motivations.

** Ethical intuitionism, on the other hand, is the view according to which some moral truths can be known without inference.

Mark Yarhouse and Warren Throckmorton, of the private Christian school Grove City College, in 2002 published " Ethical Issues in Attempts to Ban Reorientation Therapies ", which argues that conversion therapy should be available out of respect for a patient ’ s values system and because there is evidence that it can be effective.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) has stated that burrs and other irritants are at times placed under the flank strap and that improperly used flank straps can cause open wounds and burns if the hair is rubbed off and the skin is chafed raw.

Ethical cognitivists hold that ethical sentences do express propositions: that it can be true or false, for example, that Mary is a good person, or that stealing and lying are always wrong.

Ethical relativists acknowledge local, institutional facts about what is right, but these are facts that can still vary by society.

As mentioned above, Ethical realists that are non-natural can appeal to God's purpose for man.

Ethical Consumerism can be seen as a movement in marketing, which may or may not reflect actual changes in the practices of businesses.

Ethical subjectivism is compatible with moral absolutism, in that the individual or society to whose attitudes moral propositions refer can hold some moral principle to apply regardless of circumstances.

" An analytic philosopher, Stevenson suggested in his 1937 essay " The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms " that any ethical theory should explain three things: that intelligent disagreement can occur over moral questions, that moral terms like good are " magnetic " in encouraging action, and that the scientific method is insufficient for verifying moral claims.

His creativity and expertise can also be seen in several other Brooklyn homes: the neo-Jacobean Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture Meeting House, the Romanesque revival style home at 234 Lincoln Place, the Queen Anne style row at 864-872 Carroll Street, the residences of Brooklyn mayors at 405 Clinton Avenue and the Dutch Revival house at 43 Willow Street, which Tubby himself occupied.

Ethical egoism does not, however, require moral agents to harm the interests and well-being of others when making moral deliberation ; e. g. what is in an agent's self-interest may be incidentally detrimental, beneficial, or neutral in its effect on others.

Ethical egoism does not, however, require moral agents to harm the interests and well-being of others when making moral deliberation ; e. g. what is in an agent's self-interest may be incidentally detrimental, beneficial, or neutral in its effect on others.

Ethical intuitionism commonly suggests moral realism, the view that there are objective facts of morality and, to be more specific, ethical non-naturalism, the view that these evaluative facts cannot be reduced to natural fact.

Adherents of this view, including the International Humanist and Ethical Union and the American Humanist Association, consider that the unmodified but capitalised word Humanism should be used.

In the 1961 decision, Justice Hugo Black commented in a footnote, " Among religions in this country which do not teach what would generally be considered a belief in the existence of God are Buddhism, Taoism, Ethical Culture, Secular Humanism, and others.

It is stated in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association, that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless the act is justified by the value and the importance of the results of such study, provided that this could not be obtained in an alternative way.

Ethical concerns might persist even if function could be completely restored to the patient: a brain-dead person with a healthy body, suitable for head transplantation, would be in great demand as an organ donor.

Ethical principles, for Malebranche, are therefore divine in their foundation, universal in their application, and to be discovered by intellectual contemplation, just as geometrical principles are.

* “ Might there be External Reasons ”, in J. E. J. Altham and Ross Harrison, eds., World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Ethical Philosophy of Bernard Williams ( Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995 ), pp. 68 – 85

" In addition, the term was sometimes used to dismiss a scientific principle considered by the writer to be fanciful, such as in 1855's The Principles of Metaphysical and Ethical Science, which stated that " Milton's conception of inorganic matter left to itself, without an indwelling soul, is not merely more poetical, but more philosophical and just, than the scientific romance, now generally repudiated by all rational inquirers, which represents it as necessarily imbued with the seminal principles of organization and life, and waking up by its own force from eternal quietude to eternal motion.

Ethical calculus would most accurately be regarded as a form of dynamic moral absolutism.

A business which is planning to work with Fair Trade or Ethical Trade companies must design their business model to be TBL.

Ethical subjectivism is also compatible with moral relativism when that is taken to mean the opposite of absolutism, that is, as the claim that moral precepts should be adjusted to circumstances, as in consequentialism.

In the March 2008 issue of Viz they visit Uncle Eddie for his daughter Amy's second birthday party and give their niece an ethical gift, which seems ( to Eddie ) to be a " donation to an Oxfam-funded goat thingy for a starving African family ", but turns out to be a donation to their own " Malcolm and Cressida Ethical Living Awareness Project ".

" The only alien Ethical who is seen in the stories is Monat Graatut, who poses as an ally and friend of Richard Francis Burton.

Ethical codes are often adopted by management, not to promote a particular moral theory, but rather because they are seen as pragmatic necessities for running an organization in a complex society in which moral concepts play an important part.

* the 1976 paper " The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories ," Michael Stocker summarises the main aretaic criticisms of deontological and consequentialist ethics.

Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one's self-interest.

Ethical naturalism ( also called moral naturalism or naturalistic cognitivistic definism ) is the meta-ethical view which claims that:

Ethical naturalism stands in opposition to ethical non-naturalism, which denies that moral terms refer to anything other than irreducible moral properties, as well as to all forms of moral anti-realism, including ethical subjectivism ( which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts ), error theory ( which denies that any moral propositions are true ), and non-cognitivism ( which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all ).

Ethical non-naturalism is the meta-ethical view which claims that:

Ethical non-naturalism stands in opposition to ethical naturalism, which claims that moral terms and properties are reducible to non-moral terms and properties, as well as to all forms of moral anti-realism, including ethical subjectivism ( which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts ), error theory ( which denies that any moral propositions are true ), and non-cognitivism ( which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all ).

Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds merely that it is rational to act in one's self-interest.

Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion ; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.

After leaving the UN in 2002, Robinson formed Realizing Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative, which came to a planned end at the end of 2010.

In 1896, theologian J. H. Worman identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic ( God the mechanical unity of existence ); Ontological ( abstract unity, Spinoza ); Dynamic ; Psychical ( God is the soul of the world ); Ethical ( God is the universal moral order, Johann Gottlieb Fichte ); Logical ( Hegel ); and Pure ( absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism ).

Their paper was partly a response to Jack Drescher's 2001 paper, " Ethical issues surrounding attempts to change sexual orientation ", which used the principle of " Do no harm " to argue against conversion therapy.