At that time Pergamon was a major cultural and intellectual centre, noted for its library ( Eumenes II ), second only to that in Alexandria,

Parchment was developed in Pergamon, from which name it is believed the word " parchment " evolved, under the patronage of either Eumenes I, who ruled 263 – 241 BCE ; or Eumenes II, who ruled 197 – 158 ), as a substitute for papyrus, which was temporarily not being exported from Alexandria, its only source.

As Philetaerus was a eunuch, he adopted his nephew Eumenes ( the son of Philetaerus ' brother also named Eumenes ) as his successor.

Just like Peithon and Seleucus, Eumenes was one of the former supporters of Perdiccas.

Eumenes and his army were north of Babylon ; Antigonus was following him with an even larger army ; Peithon was in Media and his opponents in Susiana.

Antigenes, satrap of Susiana and commander of the Argyraspides, was allied with Eumenes.

In the spring of 316 BC, Seleucus and Peithon joined Antigonus, who was following Eumenes to Susa.

Eumenes was defeated and executed.

Seleucus, being Macedonian, had the ability to gain the trust of the Macedonians among his troops, which was not the case with Eumenes.

Perdiccas ' most loyal supporter was Eumenes, governor of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.

After the death of Alexander on June 11, 323 BCE, the city was contested by his successors: Perdiccas, Antigonus Monophthalmus, and Eumenes visited the city, but eventually it became part of the realm of Seleucus I Nicator, of the Seleucid Empire, and capital of a province called Osrhoene ( the Greek rendering of the old name Urhai ).

Eumenes was defeated and forced to retire to the fortress of Nora () in Cappadocia, and a new army that was marching to his relief was routed by Antigonus.

Since Seleucus ' legitimate heir, Demetrius I Soter, was still a hostage in Rome, Antiochus, with the help of King Eumenes II of Pergamum, seized the throne for himself, proclaiming himself co-regent for another son of Seleucus, an infant named Antiochus ( whom he then murdered a few years later ).

However, Plutarch, who wrote about Eumenes in his series of Parallel Lives, mentions that it was about lodgings, and a flute-player, so perhaps this was an instance of some deeper antagonism breaking out into a quarrel over a triviality.

Valerius of Antium related that he obtained the necessary money during an embassy on which he was sent after his condemnation, to settle the disputes between the kings Antiochus and Eumenes.

At a later period, Paphlagonia passed under the control of the Macedonian kings, and after the death of Alexander the Great, it was assigned, together with Cappadocia and Mysia, to Eumenes.

He entered into negotiations with Eumenes, but Eumenes had already been swayed by Polyperchon, who also gave him authority over anyone within the empire.

Eumenes took over from Pope Justus as the second Dean of The Catechetical School of Alexandria ( also known as the Theological School of Alexandria ).

He adopted his nephew Eumenes I ( the son of Philetaerus ' brother also named Eumenes ), who succeeded him as ruler of Pergamon, upon his death in 263 BC.

The Battle of Paraitacene ( also called Paraetacene or Paraitakene ; ) was a battle in the wars of the successors of Alexander the Great ( see diadochi ) between Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Eumenes.

Eumenes, also placed his phalanx in the center, with the elite Argyraspides.

Eumenes ' elephants and skirmishers also fled, having been beaten by Antigonus ' men.

Eudemus, who had come from India as an ally of Eumenes and was responsible for the recruitment of Eumenes ' elephants and light infantry was also executed, as was the leader of the Argyraspides, Antigenes.

The partition is a result of a compromise, essentially brokered by Eumenes, following a conflict of opinion between the party of Meleager, who wishes to give full power to Philip III ( the illegitimate son of King Philip II of Macedon by Philinna of Larissa ), and the party of Perdiccas, who wishes to wait for the birth of the heir of Alexander and his wife, Roxana ( the future Alexander IV ) to give him the throne under the control of a regent.

* Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece.

* Eumenes and Antigonus, rivals to Cassander for control of Macedonia, meet in the Battle of Gabiene in Media to the northeast of Susa.

They hand over Eumenes and his senior officers to Antigonus in return for their baggage and families.

Yet in the aftermath of the second battle, Antigonus managed to capture the family and riches of the Silvershields, an elite regiment within Eumenes ' army, who in turn handed over Eumenes to Antigonus in return for their release.

Meanwhile, Eumenes II of Pergamum appealed to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III.

* Prior to a naval battle with King Eumenes II of Pergamon, Hannibal sent a herald with a message for the opposing commander.

Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater, who had governed them for Alexander, and Craterus, Alexander's most able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.

Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.

Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater, who had governed them for Alexander, and Craterus, Alexander's most able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.

Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.

In the ensuing division of the empire, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to Eumenes ; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus were charged by Perdiccas with securing them for him.

Eumenes, betrayed to them by one of his own officers, fled to Nora, a strong fortress on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia, where he held out for more than a year, until the death of Antipater threw his opponents into disarray.

Antigonus responded to a request for the return of the baggage train sent by Teutamus, one of their commanders, by demanding they give him Eumenes.

Antigonus, according to Plutarch, starved Eumenes for three days, but finally sent an executioner to dispatch him when the time came for him to move his camp.

Eumenes was hated and despised by many fellow commanders — certainly for his successes and supposedly for his ethnicity and prior office as Royal Secretary.

* According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.

When Antiochus refuses, the Battle of Magnesia is fought near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia in Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire.

* Thanks to the efforts of Eumenes II of Pergamum while in Rome, the Romans declare war on Macedonia and send troops to Thessaly, thus beginning the Third Macedonian War.

The high priests had considerable political influence during this period, and letters exist from a high priest Attis to the kings of Pergamon, Eumenes II and Attalus II, inscribed on stone.

The satraps in Susa had apparently accepted Eumenes ' claims of his fighting on behalf of the lawful ruling family against the usurper Antigonus.

The Battle of Magnesia was fought in 190 BC near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia ( modern Turkey ), between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, the famed general Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum against the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire.

Domitius was stationed with 4 squadrons of cavalry on the right wing, Scipio kept command of the center and gave command of the left to Eumenes.

The Roman ally Eumenes, commanding all their cavalry on the right of the Roman-Allied army counterattacked the Seleucid left, already disrupted by the scythed chariots, and broke it.

A later instance of voluntary co-cremation appears in an account of an Indian soldier in the army of Eumenes of Cardia, whose two wives vied to die on his funeral pyre, in 316 BC.

* Historie, a historical fiction manga based on Eumenes ' life.

* 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on Eumenes of Cardia

Coin, dipicting the head of Philetaerus on the obverse and seated Athena, Greek goddess of war and wisdom, on the reverse, struck during the reign of Eumenes I ( 263 BC – 241 BC )

With the exception of Eumenes II, all future Attalid rulers depicted the bust of Philetaerus on their coins, paying tribute to the founder of their dynasty.

Coin struck during the reign of Eumenes I, depicting the head of Eumenes ' uncle Philetaerus on the obverse and seated Athena, patron deity of the city of Pergamon, on the reverse.

Coin struck during the reign of Eumenes I, dipicting the head of Philetaerus on the obverse and seated Athena on the reverse.

The building is similar in its basic design to the Stoa that Attalos ' brother, and predecessor as king, Eumenes II had erected on the south slope of the Acropolis next to the theatre of Dionysus.