After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

Afonso's attempts to take over the throne of Castile were not successful after he lost a short war with Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines.

She was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

In 1501, the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand I and Isabella, first granted permission to the colonists of the Caribbean to import African slaves, which began arriving to the island in 1503.

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the legitimate heir to the throne, Andreas Palaiologos, willed away his claim to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1503.

* 1479 20 January – Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon – the Catholic Monarchs, jointly rule the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, including Gibraltar.

Isabella retained the throne and ruled jointly with her husband, King Ferdinand II.

Isabella and Ferdinand had married in 1469 in Valladolid.

Pursuant to an agreement signed by Isabella and Ferdinand on January 15, 1474, Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than her husband, although their rule was shared.

Together, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known as the " Catholic Monarchs " (), a title bestowed on them by Pope Alexander VI.

Isabella and Ferdinand authorized the 1492 expedition of Christopher Columbus, who became the first known European to reach the New World since Leif Ericson.

Ferdinand – resisting the wishes of his brother – decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, enabling his daughter Isabella to become Queen.

Both Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick were too dangerous to keep around even in captivity, and Henry had to execute them in 1499 before Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would allow their daughter Catherine to come to England and marry his son Arthur.

Leonora was the daughter of Ferdinand I, the Aragonese King of Naples, and Isabella of Taranto.

* 1492 – Ferdinand and Isabella The Catholic Monarchs enter Granada, completing the Reconquista.

For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492.

Melilla was part of the Kingdom of Fez when the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon requested Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia, to take the city.

Through her mother, Mary was a granddaughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

While Mary's grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, had retained sovereignty of their own realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England.

* 1469 – Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile, a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain.

As one of their first acts after the war of succession, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood ( Santa Hermandad ) as a national police force.

Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's complete annexation in early 1492.

For example, in Spain, the newly equipped army of Ferdinand and Isabella was able to conquer Moorish strongholds in Granada in 1482 – 92 that had held out for centuries before the invention of cannons.

* Ferdinand I ( 1403 – 1478 ), 2nd Duke of Braganza, son of Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza

* October 4 – John, Prince of Asturias, only son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile ( b. 1478 )

; 1478: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain institute the Spanish Inquisition.

In 1478 he allied himself with Pope Sixtus IV against Lorenzo de ' Medici, but the latter journeyed alone to Naples where he succeeded in negotiating an honourable peace with Ferdinand.

He married his half-aunt Joanna in 1496, shortly before his death ( she was the daughter of his grandfather Ferdinand and his second wife, Joanna of Aragon ; Joanna, born in 1478, a late child of a second marriage, was actually younger than Ferdinand ).

In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella made formal application to Rome for a tribunal of the Inquisition in Castile to investigate these and other suspicions.

The Infante John, Prince of Asturias, ( 30 June 1478 – 4 October 1497 ) was the only son of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon who survived to adulthood.

John was born in Seville in 1478 to the sovereigns of Castile, Isabella I and Ferdinand V. At the time, his parents were involved in the War of Castilian Succession against Isabella's niece Joanna la Beltraneja, wife of King Afonso V of Portugal.

However in 1801 Ferdinand was compelled to make important concessions to the French by the Treaty of Florence, which reinforced France's position as the dominant power in mainland Italy.

At the Diet of Regensburg ( 1630 ) Ferdinand was compelled to assent to this demand, but the sequel was disastrous both for Bavaria and its ruler.

The coup leaders, who had been assembled as an expeditionary force to suppress the American independence movements, compelled a reluctant Ferdinand to reinstate the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812.

In 1787 he was appointed a member of the supreme treasury council by Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, but his health, impaired by close study and over-work in his new office, compelled his withdrawal to the country at Vico Equense.

At his death ( 1487 ), Ferdinand of Aragon exhibited to the chapter, assembled for the election of a new grand master, a Bull from Innocent VIII that invested him with authority to administer the order, and to this decree he compelled the electors to submit.

But now Maurice, involved in an alliance of princes, with Ferdinand I amongst others, was compelled to fight against Albert Alicibiades.

I John Audubon, having this day mutual consent with Ferdinand Rozier, dissolved and forever closed the partnership and firm of Audubon and Rozier, and having Received from said Ferdinand Rozier payment and notes to the full amount of my part of the goods and debts of the late firm of Audubon and Rozier, I the said John Audubon one of the firm aforesaid do hereby release and forever quit claim to all and any interest which I have or may have in the stock on hand and debts due to the late firm of Audubon and Rozier assign, transfer and set over to said Ferdinand Rozier, all my rights, titles, claims and interest in the goods, merchandise and debts due to the late firm of Audubon and Rozier, and do hereby authorize and empower him for my part, to collect the same in any manner what ever either privately or by suit or suits in law or equity hereby declaring him sole and absolute proprietor and rightful owner of all goods, merchandise and debts of this firm aforesaid, as completely as they were the goods and property of the late firm Audubon and Rozier.

In opposition to the school of Ferdinand Christian Baur, who considered him a Jewish Christian, Albrecht Ritschl has pointed out that it was precisely because he was a Gentile Christian that he did not fully understand the Old Testament foundation of Paul's teaching, and explained in this way the modified character of his Paulinism and his legal mode of thought.

As the war began, a German radical named Ferdinand Cohen-Blind attempted to assassinate Bismarck in Berlin, shooting him five times at close range.

After Carlo's death, he enlarged the family's tenure with lands inherited by his wife, another Orsini from Salerno, and most of all he was amongst the favourites of Ferdinand I of Naples, who appointed him as Great Connestable of Naples.

Ferdinand II had his fiefs confiscated and imprisoned him in Castel dell ' Ovo, where he was poisoned in 1497.

St. Peter Damian is alleged to have described him as " feasting on immorality "; the anti-papal historian Ferdinand Gregorovius wrote that in Benedict, " a demon from hell in the disguise of a priest ... occupied the chair of Peter and profaned the sacred mysteries of religion by his insolent courses.

The best that Ferdinand Gregorovius could say of him was:

After a shaky peace of 1486 with King Ferdinand I of Naples failed and Ferdinand repeatedly refused to pay the tariff for his investiture, Innocent excommunicated him in 1489 and invited King Charles VIII of France to come to Italy with an army and take possession of the Kingdom of Naples, a disastrous political event for the Italian peninsula as a whole.

Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt ( 22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835 ) was a Prussian philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin, which was named after him ( and his brother, naturalist Alexander von Humboldt ) in 1949.

His handling of the situation earned him praise from King Carol I, who sent Crown Prince ( future monarch ) Ferdinand to congratulate him in front of the whole garrison.

Charles V wished his son Philip ( afterwards king of Spain ) to succeed him as emperor, but his brother Ferdinand, who had already been designated as the next occupant of the imperial throne, and Maximilian objected to this proposal.

Fears were freely expressed that he would definitely leave the Catholic Church, and when Ferdinand became emperor in 1558 he was prepared to assure Pope Paul IV that his son should not succeed him if he took this step.

Eulalie helped him to be christened with the name Ferdinand.

However, conflict was precipitated by two factors: Matthias, already aging and without children, made his cousin Ferdinand of Styria his heir and had him elected king in 1617.

Ferdinand was forced to flee from Naples in 1806 when Napoleon Bonaparte deposed him and installed his brother, Joseph, as king.

His chief minister, Manuel de Godoy convinced Charles that his son, Ferdinand, was plotting to overthrow him.

Napoleon forced Ferdinand to return the crown to Charles on 30 April and then convinced Charles to relinquish it to him on 10 May.