* 1942 – Manhattan Project: A team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

Corbino helped Fermi in selecting his team, which soon was joined by notable minds like Edoardo Amaldi, Bruno Pontecorvo, Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segrè.

On 25 January 1939, a Columbia University team conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States, which was done in the basement of Pupin Hall ; the members of the team were Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

* December 2 – Manhattan Project: Below the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction ( a coded message, " The Italian navigator has landed in the new world " is then sent to U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ).

The first experimental nuclear reactor had been developed and constructed by Enrico Fermi and his team of co-workers by the end of 1942 at the University of Chicago ( Chicago Pile-1 ), which proved that there were no obvious physical limitations to producing a slow-neutron nuclear chain reaction.

Fermi later became a key member of the team at Los Alamos Laboratory that developed the first atom bomb.

The team members were Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

The football field at Susquehanna University is named Amos Alonzo Stagg Field in honor of both Stagg Sr. and Jr. Stagg was the namesake of the University of Chicago's old Stagg Field where, on December 2, 1942, a team of Manhattan Project scientists led by Enrico Fermi created the world's first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction under the west stands of the abandoned stadium.

* December 2-Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear reactor, goes critical under the squash court of the University of Chicago, thanks to the efforts of Enrico Fermi, Leó Szilárd, and the rest of the Chicago pile team.

On 25 January 1939, Dunning was a member of the experimental team at Columbia University which conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States, which was conducted in the basement of Pupin Hall ; the other members of the team were Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

In 1940, on the request of Enrico Fermi, he and a few students, including Edward Ney, prepared a pure sample of uranium-235 using an early mass spectrograph designed by Nier, for John R. Dunning's team at Columbia University.

While working at the Fermi National Acceleration Laboratory in Chicago, her team found some of the first evidence for the existence of the top quark.

On December 2, 1942 about forty people watched Enrico Fermi and his team set off the first nuclear chain reaction at Chicago Pile-1 in a racquets court under the west stands of the abandoned stadium.

The discovery of the element, now discredited, was made by Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome in 1934.

The prize was most recently awarded to William B. Atwood, Peter Michelson and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope team " for enabling, through the development of the Large Area Telescope, new insights into neutron stars, supernova remnants, cosmic rays, binary systems, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts ".

* 2011 William B. Atwood, Peter Michelson and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope LAT team

With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi, whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome, Luria received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship at Columbia University.

The Drake equation is closely related to the Fermi paradox in that Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations ( the Fermi paradox ) suggests that technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly.

Several awards, concepts, and institutions are named after Fermi, such as the Enrico Fermi Award, the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, a class of particles called fermions, the synthetic element fermium, and many more.

Unfortunately, in such calculations, Fermi did not take into account the " pairing energy " that might appear when a nuclide with an odd number of neutrons absorbed an extra neutron.

He influenced many physicists who worked with him, such as Hans Bethe, who spent two semesters working with Fermi in the early 1930s.

* Many schools are also named after him, such as the Enrico Fermi High School in Enfield, Connecticut.

In particle physics, a fermion ( a name coined by Paul Dirac from the surname of Enrico Fermi ) is any particle characterized by Fermi – Dirac statistics and following the Pauli exclusion principle ; fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particle made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

The Fermi paradox ( or Fermi's paradox ) is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilization and humanity's lack of contact with, or evidence for, such civilizations.

In an informal discussion in 1950, the physicist Enrico Fermi questioned why, if a multitude of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations exists in the Milky Way galaxy, evidence such as spacecraft or probes is not seen.

There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by locating evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations, along with proposals that such life could exist without human knowledge.

Fermions, on the other hand, are forbidden from sharing quantum states, giving rise to systems such as the Fermi gas.

Only a few physicists, such as Enrico Fermi, have been successful in both roles.

These orbitals are known as Landau levels, and at weak magnetic fields, their existence gives rise to many interesting " quantum oscillations " such as the Shubnikov – de Haas oscillations and the de Haas – van Alphen effect ( which is often used to map the Fermi surface of metals ).

* 1926 Enrico Fermi discovers the spin-statistics connection, for particles that are now called ' fermions ', such as the electron ( of spin 1 / 2 ).

# Having a transition temperature that is a larger fraction of the Fermi temperature than for conventional superconductors such as elemental mercury or lead.

The theory of semiconductor physics is constructed in such a fashion that – in a situation of complete thermodynamic equilibrium – the position of the Fermi level, relative to the band structure, determines both the density of electrons and the density of holes.

In such circumstances a quasi-Fermi level has sometimes been called an imref ( Fermi spelled backwards ), but the term " quasi-Fermi level " seems to be replacing this name.

This approach is not advisable, because the work needed to place such an electron at the Fermi level of the body depends on the detailed arrangement of the atoms at the surfaces of the body.

Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954 ) was an Italian physicist, naturalized American later in his life, particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

Besides attending the classes, Enrico Fermi found the time to work on his extracurricular activities, particularly with the help of his friend Enrico Persico, who remained in Rome to attend the university.

In 1922, he published his first important scientific work in the Italian journal I Rendiconti dell ' Accademia dei Lincei entitled " On the phenomena occurring near a world line ", where he introduces for the first time the so-called " Fermi coordinates ", and proves that when close to the time line, space behaves as a euclidean one.

In this period, he wrote his work on the Fermi – Dirac statistics.

Eventually Fermi and Szilárd's reactor work was folded into the Manhattan Project.

Engineer Jack Aeby saw Fermi at work:

But Fermi also participated in preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos as a consultant, and along with Stanislaw Ulam, calculated that the amount of tritium needed for Edward Teller's model of a thermonuclear weapon would be prohibitive, and a fusion reaction could not be assured to propagate even with this large quantity of tritium.

In his later years, Fermi did important work in particle physics, especially related to pions and muons.

Starting with Hart, a great deal of effort has gone into developing scientific theories about, and possible models of, extraterrestrial life, and the Fermi paradox has become a theoretical reference point in much of this work.

File: Enrico Fermi 1943-49. jpg | Enrico Fermi ( 1901-1954 ): developed first nuclear reactor ( Chicago Pile-1 ), contributed to quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics, awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.

If the bias is small, we can let U − E ≈ φM in the expression for κ, where φM, the work function, gives the minimum energy needed to bring an electron from an occupied level, the highest of which is at the Fermi level ( for metals at T = 0 kelvins ), to vacuum level.

This built on work done by Fermi and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942 which created the world's first experimental nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1 and the first sustained nuclear reaction on December 2, 1942.

With Fermi he had discovered the key to nuclear fission, but contrary to many of his colleagues, he refused for moral reasons to work on the Manhattan project.

They also showed how this behavior explained the puzzling earlier work of Fermi, Pasta and Ulam.

Simple Band Diagram with denoted vacuum energy E < sub > VAC </ sub >, conduction band E < sub > C </ sub >, Fermi energy E < sub > F </ sub >, valence band E < sub > V </ sub >, electron affinity E < sub > ea </ sub >, work function Φ and band gap E < sub > g </ sub >

In solid-state physics, the work function ( sometimes spelled workfunction ) is the minimum energy ( usually measured in electronvolts ) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside the solid surface ( or energy needed to move an electron from the Fermi level into vacuum ).

Here is defined relative to the bottom of the potential well, and the work function W is the energy required to eject the electron in the Fermi Level.

required to liberate an electron in the Fermi Level is the work function.

The work function W of a metal is closely related to its Fermi energy ( defined

At home, the work of Enrico Fermi was crucial in shortening the war.

In the present context, the electrochemical potential can be regarded as the work that would be needed to add an electron at the Fermi level of the body ( or part of a body ) under analysis.

Specifically, one can define the ( Earth-referenced ) electrochemical potential μ < sub > A </ sub > of a body " A " as the work needed to transfer an electron from the Fermi level of the Earth to the Fermi level of body " A ".