An explanation of how the peer pressure process works, called " the identity shift effect ", is introduced by social psychologist, Wendy Treynor, who weaves together Festinger's two seminal social-psychological theories ( on dissonance, which addresses internal conflict, and social comparison, which addresses external conflict ) into a unified whole.

According to Festinger's theory of social comparison people gain self-knowledge and self-awareness by comparing themselves to others.

While there have been changes in Festinger's original concept, many fundamental aspects remain, including similarity, the tendency towards social comparison and the general process that is social comparison ( Kruglanski, & Mayseless, 1990 ).

On Aronson's view, however, the lawyer may feel dissonance specifically because falsely calling the defendant " innocent " conflicts with the lawyer's own self-concept of being an honest person. In many experimental situations, Bem's theory and Festinger's dissonance theory make identical predictions, but only dissonance theory predicts the presence of unpleasant tension or arousal.

Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance can account for the psychological consequences of disconfirmed expectations.

An early version of cognitive dissonance theory appeared in Leon Festinger's 1956 book, When Prophecy Fails.

Bem is perhaps best known for his theory of " self-perception ", the most oft-cited competitor to Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory.

British social anthropology had an expansive moment in the Interwar period, with key contributions coming from the Polish-British Bronisław Malinowski and Meyer Fortes

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

Although game reports and social reactions are common parts of many A & E contributions, it has also, over the years, become a testing ground for new ideas on the development of the RPG as a genre and an art form.

Aeschylus had written his own epitaph commemorating his life as a warrior fighting for Athens against Persia, without any mention of his success as a playwright, and Sophocles was celebrated by his contemporaries for his social gifts and contributions to public life as a state official, but there are no records of Euripides's public life except as a dramatisthe could well have been " a brooding and bookish recluse ".

In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions.

It was originally established as part of a wider reform of social services and funded by a system of National Insurance, though receipt of health care was never contingent upon making contributions towards the National Insurance Fund.

See Michael Buckland's conclusion: " Bush's contributions in this area were twofold: ( i ) A significant engineering achievement by the team under his leadership in building a truly rapid prototype microfilm selector, and ( ii ) a speculative article, ' As We May Think ,' which, through its skillful writing and the social prestige of its author, has had an immediate and lasting effect in stimulating others.

Hence, if social security benefits are portable, contributors to, for example, old-age pension schemes do not experience any disadvantage such as the loss of contributions and benefits associated with these contributions when moving from one job to another, from one occupation to another, or from the public to the private sector.

This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods.

And Émile Durkheim, whose contributions were instrumental in the formation of sociology and anthropology, laid down the principle: " The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among social facts preceding and not among the states of individual consciousness ".

Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term " Renaissance man ".

* social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance program.

He was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada in 2009 " for his continued contributions to the world of hockey, notably as one of the best players of all time, as well as for his social engagement as a philanthropist, volunteer and role model for countless young people ".

One of the IWW's most important contributions to the labor movement and broader push towards social justice was that, when founded, it was the only American union ( besides the Knights of Labor ) to welcome all workers including women, immigrants, African Americans and Asians into the same organization.

It was established with the objective of supporting and fostering research institutes in the area of economics and social science and systematically supervising them in their contributions to the production of high-quality national policy research and the development of a concrete knowledge industry.

* Montesquieu's contributions to the formation of social science ( 1892 )

( 2009: 519 ) said that “ social entrepreneurs make significant and diverse contributions to their communities and societies, adopting business models to offer creative solutions to complex and persistent social problems ”.

, having benefits paid directly out of current taxes and social security contributions, although several countries have hybrid systems which are partially funded.

By 1962, while Zhou, Liu and Deng managed affairs of state and the economy, Mao had effectively withdrawn from economic decision-making, and focused much of his time on further contemplating his contributions to Marxist-Leninist social theory, including the idea of " continuous revolution ".

After Tönnies ' and Weber works, reflection on social links in modern society continued with interesting contributions in the 1950s and in the 1960s, in particular ' The Mass Society Theory ' ( Bell, 1962 ; Nisbet, 1969 ; Stein, 1960 ; Whyte, 1956 ).

Moreover, Estonia and Slovakia have high social contributions, pegged to wage levels.

James is the father of psychology in America but he also made contributions to educational psychology.

* Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud, famous for contributions to child psychology and developmental psychology

These include: In 1959 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; in 1967 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences ; the ACM's Turing Award for making " basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing " ( 1975 ); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics " for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations " ( 1978 ); the National Medal of Science ( 1986 ); and the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology ( 1993 ).

" In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. ( Cliff ) Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.

* Cyril Burt was an English educational psychologist who made contributions to educational psychology and statistics. Burt is known for his studies on the heritability of IQ.

But Mach also made many contributions to psychology and physiology, including his anticipation of gestalt phenomena, his discovery of the oblique effect and of Mach bands, an inhibition-influenced type of visual illusion, and especially his discovery of a non-acoustic function of the inner ear which helps control human balance.

Such contributions anchored the field of psychology and encouraged later development of educational psychology.

In 1957, shortly before his death, he received a Gold Medal from the American Psychological Association for his contributions to psychology.

He made important contributions to early psychology, psychiatry, and to the theory of evolution.

James Mark Baldwin was prominent among early experimental psychologists ( voted by his peers the fifth most important psychologist in America in a 1902 survey conducted by James McKeen Cattell ), but it was his contributions to developmental psychology that his contributions were the most important.

Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt ( 3 March 1883 – 10 October 1971 ) was an English educational psychologist who made contributions to educational psychology and statistics.

Sarah Hrdy ( née Blaffer ; born July 11, 1946 ) is an American anthropologist and primatologist who has made several major contributions to evolutionary psychology and sociobiology.

Held ( 2004 ) argued that while positive psychology makes contributions to the field of psychology, that it is not without its faults.

They lived a happy life with Mary supporting all of her husband ’ s pursuits and contributions to the fields of pedagogy and psychology.

Although some of the most important issues in contemporary psychology are elaborated in these contributions, the polarized positioning also sustained the idea of a separation between PCP and SC, paving the way for only limited opportunities for dialogue between them.

Over almost six decades, he has been responsible for contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology, and was also influential in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology.

Jerome Seymour Bruner ( born October 1, 1915 ) is an American psychologist who has made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology, as well as to history and to the general philosophy of education.