Fluorescence occurred, but the tubes were very inefficient and had a short operating life.

Fluorescence microscope image of two mouse cell nuclei in prophase ( scale bar is 5 µm ).

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.

Fluorescence in minerals is caused by a wide range of activators.

Fluorescence is most effective when there is a larger ratio of atoms at lower energy levels in a Boltzmann distribution.

* FRET Fluorescence resonance energy transfer is used to study protein interactions, detect specific nucleic acid sequences and used as biosensors, while fluorescence lifetime ( FLIM ) can give an additional layer of information.

Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique to show specifically labeled structures within a complex environment and to provide three-dimensional information of biological structures.

Fluorescence is considered to be one of the best methods for quantification, but is less sensitive than chemiluminescence.

Fluorescence gives rise to various emission lines, the best-known of which is the iron feature around 6. 4 keV.

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, also known as Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer ( FRET in both cases ) is the term given to the process where two excited " fluorophores " pass energy one to the other non-radiatively ( i. e., without exchanging a photon ).

Fluorescence is generally measured at a 90 ° angle from the excitation source to minimize collection of scattered light from the excitation source, often such a rotation is provided by a Pellin-Broca prism on a turntable which will also separate the light into its spectrum for closer analysis.

Fluorescence spectroscopy aka fluorometry or spectrofluorometry, is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is primarily concerned with electronic and vibrational states.

Fluorescence spectrocopy is used in, among others, biochemical, medical, and chemical research fields for analyzing organic compounds.

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy ( AFS ) techniques are useful in other kinds of analysis / measurement of a compound present in air or water, or other media, such as CVAFS which is used for heavy metals detection, such as mercury.

In the past the assay was conducted by using the touchstone method but currently ( most often ) it is done using X-ray Fluorescence ( XRF ).

Fluorescence polarization measurement is also very close to FI detection.

Fluorescence and Raman measurements reveal that the Nd < sup > 3 +</ sup > doped YAG nanomaterial is comparable in quality to its single-crystal counterpart in both its radiative and non-radiative properties.

Fluorescence microscopy micrographs, showing the endogenous human protein Mad1 ( one of the spindle checkpoint components ) in green, along the different phases in mitosis ; CENPB | CENP-B, in red, is a centromeric marker, and DAPI ( in blue ) stains DNA.

Fluorescence is schematically illustrated with the classical Jablonski diagram, first proposed by Jablonski in 1933 to describe absorption and emission of light.

Fluorescence is at a maximum when there is no oxygen present.

* FLIM ( Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy ) can be used to detect certain bio-molecular interactions that manifest themselves by influencing fluorescence lifetimes.

Fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy are used to detect fluorescent signals with good intracellular detail.

Fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis ( 2-D DIGE ) can be used to quantify variation in the 2-D DIGE process and establish statistically valid thresholds for assigning quantitative changes between samples .< ref > Tonge, R., Shaw, J., Middleton, B., Rowlinson, R., Rayner, S., Young, J., Pognan, F., Hawkins, E., Currie, I. and Davison, M. ( 2001 ), Validation and development of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis proteomics technology.

Fluorescence can also be used to redirect photons, see fluorescent solar collector.

Other optical techniques are also used: Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy ( FCS / FCCS ) can be used to gain information of fluorophore mobility in the membrane, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ( FRET ) can detect when fluorophores are in close proximity and optical tweezer techniques can give information on membrane viscosity.

* Fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ), a technique used in genetics to detect DNA sequences

FRET has also been used in tandem with Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy ( FLIM ) or fluorescently conjugated antibodies and flow cytometry to provide a detailed, specific, quantitative results with excellent temporal and spatial resolution.

Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes.

Fluorescence tags are used to give visual readout on a protein.

Z. Sanders, R. J. Kaiser, P. Hughes, C. Dodd, C. R. Connell, C. Heiner, S. B. H. Kent, and L. E. Hood, “ Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis ,” Nature 321, pp. 61 – 67, 1986.

* Industrial Analysis-elemental analysis using X-ray Fluorescence ( XRF ) and Optical Emission Spectroscopy ( OES ), XRF coating thickness measurement, X-ray tube manufacture and Space Technology.

Fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent reporter proteins has enabled analysis of live cells by fluorescence microscopy, however cells are susceptible to phototoxicity, particularly with short wavelength light.

Studies rely almost exclusively on Flow cytometry and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting ( FACS ) analysis, which gives no information about cell lineage or behaviour.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ( FCS ) is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity.

Fluorescence has many practical applications, including mineralogy, gemology, chemical sensors ( fluorescence spectroscopy ), fluorescent labelling, dyes, biological detectors, and, most commonly, fluorescent lamps.

This includes the Optical Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Fluorescence Microscope, and by Confocal Microscopy.

Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule, atom or nanostructure relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excited to a higher quantum state by some type of energy:

Fluorescence quantum yields are measured by comparison to a standard.

Fluorescence in several wavelengths can be detected by an array detector, to detect compounds from HPLC flow.

Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by Fluorescence in situ hybridization | FISH.

Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by Fluorescence in situ hybridization | FISH.

* Immunostaining of cells on slides by Microscopy ( ImmunoHistoChemistry or Fluorescence ), on microplates by photometry including the ELISPOT ( and its variant FluoroSpot ) to enumerate B-Cells or antigen-specific cells, in solution by Flow cytometry

Like classical T Tauri stars, many brown dwarfs are surrounded by disks of gas and dust which accrete onto the brown dwarf .< ref name = uv > First Ultraviolet Spectrum of a Brown Dwarf: Evidence for H < sub > 2 </ sub > Fluorescence and Accretion, John E. Gizis, Harry L. Shipman, and James A. Harvin, Astrophysical Journal 630, # 1 ( September 2005 ), pp. L89 – L91.

Fluorescence microscopy is central to many techniques which aim to reach past this limit by specialised optical configurations.

*" Fluorescence Microscopy " lecture by Nico Stuurman ( UCSF )

Top: Both X-chromosomes are detected, by Fluorescence in situ hybridization | FISH.

Fluorescence lifetimes can be determined in the time domain by using a pulsed source.

* 1919 Robert John Strutt, A Study of the Line Spectrum of Sodium as Excited by Fluorescence.

Fluorescence of a molecule is quenched by specific analytes, e. g., ruthenium complexes are quenched by oxygen.